Mini Shell

//     Backbone.js 1.4.1

//     (c) 2010-2022 Jeremy Ashkenas and DocumentCloud
//     Backbone may be freely distributed under the MIT license.
//     For all details and documentation:
//     http://backbonejs.org

(function(factory) {

  // Establish the root object, `window` (`self`) in the browser, or `global` on the server.
  // We use `self` instead of `window` for `WebWorker` support.
  var root = typeof self == 'object' && self.self === self && self ||
            typeof global == 'object' && global.global === global && global;

  // Set up Backbone appropriately for the environment. Start with AMD.
  if (typeof define === 'function' && define.amd) {
    define(['underscore', 'jquery', 'exports'], function(_, $, exports) {
      // Export global even in AMD case in case this script is loaded with
      // others that may still expect a global Backbone.
      root.Backbone = factory(root, exports, _, $);
    });

  // Next for Node.js or CommonJS. jQuery may not be needed as a module.
  } else if (typeof exports !== 'undefined') {
    var _ = require('underscore'), $;
    try { $ = require('jquery'); } catch (e) {}
    factory(root, exports, _, $);

  // Finally, as a browser global.
  } else {
    root.Backbone = factory(root, {}, root._, root.jQuery || root.Zepto || root.ender || root.$);
  }

})(function(root, Backbone, _, $) {

  // Initial Setup
  // -------------

  // Save the previous value of the `Backbone` variable, so that it can be
  // restored later on, if `noConflict` is used.
  var previousBackbone = root.Backbone;

  // Create a local reference to a common array method we'll want to use later.
  var slice = Array.prototype.slice;

  // Current version of the library. Keep in sync with `package.json`.
  Backbone.VERSION = '1.4.1';

  // For Backbone's purposes, jQuery, Zepto, Ender, or My Library (kidding) owns
  // the `$` variable.
  Backbone.$ = $;

  // Runs Backbone.js in *noConflict* mode, returning the `Backbone` variable
  // to its previous owner. Returns a reference to this Backbone object.
  Backbone.noConflict = function() {
    root.Backbone = previousBackbone;
    return this;
  };

  // Turn on `emulateHTTP` to support legacy HTTP servers. Setting this option
  // will fake `"PATCH"`, `"PUT"` and `"DELETE"` requests via the `_method` parameter and
  // set a `X-Http-Method-Override` header.
  Backbone.emulateHTTP = false;

  // Turn on `emulateJSON` to support legacy servers that can't deal with direct
  // `application/json` requests ... this will encode the body as
  // `application/x-www-form-urlencoded` instead and will send the model in a
  // form param named `model`.
  Backbone.emulateJSON = false;

  // Backbone.Events
  // ---------------

  // A module that can be mixed in to *any object* in order to provide it with
  // a custom event channel. You may bind a callback to an event with `on` or
  // remove with `off`; `trigger`-ing an event fires all callbacks in
  // succession.
  //
  //     var object = {};
  //     _.extend(object, Backbone.Events);
  //     object.on('expand', function(){ alert('expanded'); });
  //     object.trigger('expand');
  //
  var Events = Backbone.Events = {};

  // Regular expression used to split event strings.
  var eventSplitter = /\s+/;

  // A private global variable to share between listeners and listenees.
  var _listening;

  // Iterates over the standard `event, callback` (as well as the fancy multiple
  // space-separated events `"change blur", callback` and jQuery-style event
  // maps `{event: callback}`).
  var eventsApi = function(iteratee, events, name, callback, opts) {
    var i = 0, names;
    if (name && typeof name === 'object') {
      // Handle event maps.
      if (callback !== void 0 && 'context' in opts && opts.context === void 0) opts.context = callback;
      for (names = _.keys(name); i < names.length ; i++) {
        events = eventsApi(iteratee, events, names[i], name[names[i]], opts);
      }
    } else if (name && eventSplitter.test(name)) {
      // Handle space-separated event names by delegating them individually.
      for (names = name.split(eventSplitter); i < names.length; i++) {
        events = iteratee(events, names[i], callback, opts);
      }
    } else {
      // Finally, standard events.
      events = iteratee(events, name, callback, opts);
    }
    return events;
  };

  // Bind an event to a `callback` function. Passing `"all"` will bind
  // the callback to all events fired.
  Events.on = function(name, callback, context) {
    this._events = eventsApi(onApi, this._events || {}, name, callback, {
      context: context,
      ctx: this,
      listening: _listening
    });

    if (_listening) {
      var listeners = this._listeners || (this._listeners = {});
      listeners[_listening.id] = _listening;
      // Allow the listening to use a counter, instead of tracking
      // callbacks for library interop
      _listening.interop = false;
    }

    return this;
  };

  // Inversion-of-control versions of `on`. Tell *this* object to listen to
  // an event in another object... keeping track of what it's listening to
  // for easier unbinding later.
  Events.listenTo = function(obj, name, callback) {
    if (!obj) return this;
    var id = obj._listenId || (obj._listenId = _.uniqueId('l'));
    var listeningTo = this._listeningTo || (this._listeningTo = {});
    var listening = _listening = listeningTo[id];

    // This object is not listening to any other events on `obj` yet.
    // Setup the necessary references to track the listening callbacks.
    if (!listening) {
      this._listenId || (this._listenId = _.uniqueId('l'));
      listening = _listening = listeningTo[id] = new Listening(this, obj);
    }

    // Bind callbacks on obj.
    var error = tryCatchOn(obj, name, callback, this);
    _listening = void 0;

    if (error) throw error;
    // If the target obj is not Backbone.Events, track events manually.
    if (listening.interop) listening.on(name, callback);

    return this;
  };

  // The reducing API that adds a callback to the `events` object.
  var onApi = function(events, name, callback, options) {
    if (callback) {
      var handlers = events[name] || (events[name] = []);
      var context = options.context, ctx = options.ctx, listening = options.listening;
      if (listening) listening.count++;

      handlers.push({callback: callback, context: context, ctx: context || ctx, listening: listening});
    }
    return events;
  };

  // An try-catch guarded #on function, to prevent poisoning the global
  // `_listening` variable.
  var tryCatchOn = function(obj, name, callback, context) {
    try {
      obj.on(name, callback, context);
    } catch (e) {
      return e;
    }
  };

  // Remove one or many callbacks. If `context` is null, removes all
  // callbacks with that function. If `callback` is null, removes all
  // callbacks for the event. If `name` is null, removes all bound
  // callbacks for all events.
  Events.off = function(name, callback, context) {
    if (!this._events) return this;
    this._events = eventsApi(offApi, this._events, name, callback, {
      context: context,
      listeners: this._listeners
    });

    return this;
  };

  // Tell this object to stop listening to either specific events ... or
  // to every object it's currently listening to.
  Events.stopListening = function(obj, name, callback) {
    var listeningTo = this._listeningTo;
    if (!listeningTo) return this;

    var ids = obj ? [obj._listenId] : _.keys(listeningTo);
    for (var i = 0; i < ids.length; i++) {
      var listening = listeningTo[ids[i]];

      // If listening doesn't exist, this object is not currently
      // listening to obj. Break out early.
      if (!listening) break;

      listening.obj.off(name, callback, this);
      if (listening.interop) listening.off(name, callback);
    }
    if (_.isEmpty(listeningTo)) this._listeningTo = void 0;

    return this;
  };

  // The reducing API that removes a callback from the `events` object.
  var offApi = function(events, name, callback, options) {
    if (!events) return;

    var context = options.context, listeners = options.listeners;
    var i = 0, names;

    // Delete all event listeners and "drop" events.
    if (!name && !context && !callback) {
      for (names = _.keys(listeners); i < names.length; i++) {
        listeners[names[i]].cleanup();
      }
      return;
    }

    names = name ? [name] : _.keys(events);
    for (; i < names.length; i++) {
      name = names[i];
      var handlers = events[name];

      // Bail out if there are no events stored.
      if (!handlers) break;

      // Find any remaining events.
      var remaining = [];
      for (var j = 0; j < handlers.length; j++) {
        var handler = handlers[j];
        if (
          callback && callback !== handler.callback &&
            callback !== handler.callback._callback ||
              context && context !== handler.context
        ) {
          remaining.push(handler);
        } else {
          var listening = handler.listening;
          if (listening) listening.off(name, callback);
        }
      }

      // Replace events if there are any remaining.  Otherwise, clean up.
      if (remaining.length) {
        events[name] = remaining;
      } else {
        delete events[name];
      }
    }

    return events;
  };

  // Bind an event to only be triggered a single time. After the first time
  // the callback is invoked, its listener will be removed. If multiple events
  // are passed in using the space-separated syntax, the handler will fire
  // once for each event, not once for a combination of all events.
  Events.once = function(name, callback, context) {
    // Map the event into a `{event: once}` object.
    var events = eventsApi(onceMap, {}, name, callback, this.off.bind(this));
    if (typeof name === 'string' && context == null) callback = void 0;
    return this.on(events, callback, context);
  };

  // Inversion-of-control versions of `once`.
  Events.listenToOnce = function(obj, name, callback) {
    // Map the event into a `{event: once}` object.
    var events = eventsApi(onceMap, {}, name, callback, this.stopListening.bind(this, obj));
    return this.listenTo(obj, events);
  };

  // Reduces the event callbacks into a map of `{event: onceWrapper}`.
  // `offer` unbinds the `onceWrapper` after it has been called.
  var onceMap = function(map, name, callback, offer) {
    if (callback) {
      var once = map[name] = _.once(function() {
        offer(name, once);
        callback.apply(this, arguments);
      });
      once._callback = callback;
    }
    return map;
  };

  // Trigger one or many events, firing all bound callbacks. Callbacks are
  // passed the same arguments as `trigger` is, apart from the event name
  // (unless you're listening on `"all"`, which will cause your callback to
  // receive the true name of the event as the first argument).
  Events.trigger = function(name) {
    if (!this._events) return this;

    var length = Math.max(0, arguments.length - 1);
    var args = Array(length);
    for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) args[i] = arguments[i + 1];

    eventsApi(triggerApi, this._events, name, void 0, args);
    return this;
  };

  // Handles triggering the appropriate event callbacks.
  var triggerApi = function(objEvents, name, callback, args) {
    if (objEvents) {
      var events = objEvents[name];
      var allEvents = objEvents.all;
      if (events && allEvents) allEvents = allEvents.slice();
      if (events) triggerEvents(events, args);
      if (allEvents) triggerEvents(allEvents, [name].concat(args));
    }
    return objEvents;
  };

  // A difficult-to-believe, but optimized internal dispatch function for
  // triggering events. Tries to keep the usual cases speedy (most internal
  // Backbone events have 3 arguments).
  var triggerEvents = function(events, args) {
    var ev, i = -1, l = events.length, a1 = args[0], a2 = args[1], a3 = args[2];
    switch (args.length) {
      case 0: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx); return;
      case 1: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx, a1); return;
      case 2: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx, a1, a2); return;
      case 3: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx, a1, a2, a3); return;
      default: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.apply(ev.ctx, args); return;
    }
  };

  // A listening class that tracks and cleans up memory bindings
  // when all callbacks have been offed.
  var Listening = function(listener, obj) {
    this.id = listener._listenId;
    this.listener = listener;
    this.obj = obj;
    this.interop = true;
    this.count = 0;
    this._events = void 0;
  };

  Listening.prototype.on = Events.on;

  // Offs a callback (or several).
  // Uses an optimized counter if the listenee uses Backbone.Events.
  // Otherwise, falls back to manual tracking to support events
  // library interop.
  Listening.prototype.off = function(name, callback) {
    var cleanup;
    if (this.interop) {
      this._events = eventsApi(offApi, this._events, name, callback, {
        context: void 0,
        listeners: void 0
      });
      cleanup = !this._events;
    } else {
      this.count--;
      cleanup = this.count === 0;
    }
    if (cleanup) this.cleanup();
  };

  // Cleans up memory bindings between the listener and the listenee.
  Listening.prototype.cleanup = function() {
    delete this.listener._listeningTo[this.obj._listenId];
    if (!this.interop) delete this.obj._listeners[this.id];
  };

  // Aliases for backwards compatibility.
  Events.bind   = Events.on;
  Events.unbind = Events.off;

  // Allow the `Backbone` object to serve as a global event bus, for folks who
  // want global "pubsub" in a convenient place.
  _.extend(Backbone, Events);

  // Backbone.Model
  // --------------

  // Backbone **Models** are the basic data object in the framework --
  // frequently representing a row in a table in a database on your server.
  // A discrete chunk of data and a bunch of useful, related methods for
  // performing computations and transformations on that data.

  // Create a new model with the specified attributes. A client id (`cid`)
  // is automatically generated and assigned for you.
  var Model = Backbone.Model = function(attributes, options) {
    var attrs = attributes || {};
    options || (options = {});
    this.preinitialize.apply(this, arguments);
    this.cid = _.uniqueId(this.cidPrefix);
    this.attributes = {};
    if (options.collection) this.collection = options.collection;
    if (options.parse) attrs = this.parse(attrs, options) || {};
    var defaults = _.result(this, 'defaults');
    attrs = _.defaults(_.extend({}, defaults, attrs), defaults);
    this.set(attrs, options);
    this.changed = {};
    this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
  };

  // Attach all inheritable methods to the Model prototype.
  _.extend(Model.prototype, Events, {

    // A hash of attributes whose current and previous value differ.
    changed: null,

    // The value returned during the last failed validation.
    validationError: null,

    // The default name for the JSON `id` attribute is `"id"`. MongoDB and
    // CouchDB users may want to set this to `"_id"`.
    idAttribute: 'id',

    // The prefix is used to create the client id which is used to identify models locally.
    // You may want to override this if you're experiencing name clashes with model ids.
    cidPrefix: 'c',

    // preinitialize is an empty function by default. You can override it with a function
    // or object.  preinitialize will run before any instantiation logic is run in the Model.
    preinitialize: function(){},

    // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own
    // initialization logic.
    initialize: function(){},

    // Return a copy of the model's `attributes` object.
    toJSON: function(options) {
      return _.clone(this.attributes);
    },

    // Proxy `Backbone.sync` by default -- but override this if you need
    // custom syncing semantics for *this* particular model.
    sync: function() {
      return Backbone.sync.apply(this, arguments);
    },

    // Get the value of an attribute.
    get: function(attr) {
      return this.attributes[attr];
    },

    // Get the HTML-escaped value of an attribute.
    escape: function(attr) {
      return _.escape(this.get(attr));
    },

    // Returns `true` if the attribute contains a value that is not null
    // or undefined.
    has: function(attr) {
      return this.get(attr) != null;
    },

    // Special-cased proxy to underscore's `_.matches` method.
    matches: function(attrs) {
      return !!_.iteratee(attrs, this)(this.attributes);
    },

    // Set a hash of model attributes on the object, firing `"change"`. This is
    // the core primitive operation of a model, updating the data and notifying
    // anyone who needs to know about the change in state. The heart of the beast.
    set: function(key, val, options) {
      if (key == null) return this;

      // Handle both `"key", value` and `{key: value}` -style arguments.
      var attrs;
      if (typeof key === 'object') {
        attrs = key;
        options = val;
      } else {
        (attrs = {})[key] = val;
      }

      options || (options = {});

      // Run validation.
      if (!this._validate(attrs, options)) return false;

      // Extract attributes and options.
      var unset      = options.unset;
      var silent     = options.silent;
      var changes    = [];
      var changing   = this._changing;
      this._changing = true;

      if (!changing) {
        this._previousAttributes = _.clone(this.attributes);
        this.changed = {};
      }

      var current = this.attributes;
      var changed = this.changed;
      var prev    = this._previousAttributes;

      // For each `set` attribute, update or delete the current value.
      for (var attr in attrs) {
        val = attrs[attr];
        if (!_.isEqual(current[attr], val)) changes.push(attr);
        if (!_.isEqual(prev[attr], val)) {
          changed[attr] = val;
        } else {
          delete changed[attr];
        }
        unset ? delete current[attr] : current[attr] = val;
      }

      // Update the `id`.
      if (this.idAttribute in attrs) {
        var prevId = this.id;
        this.id = this.get(this.idAttribute);
        this.trigger('changeId', this, prevId, options);
      }

      // Trigger all relevant attribute changes.
      if (!silent) {
        if (changes.length) this._pending = options;
        for (var i = 0; i < changes.length; i++) {
          this.trigger('change:' + changes[i], this, current[changes[i]], options);
        }
      }

      // You might be wondering why there's a `while` loop here. Changes can
      // be recursively nested within `"change"` events.
      if (changing) return this;
      if (!silent) {
        while (this._pending) {
          options = this._pending;
          this._pending = false;
          this.trigger('change', this, options);
        }
      }
      this._pending = false;
      this._changing = false;
      return this;
    },

    // Remove an attribute from the model, firing `"change"`. `unset` is a noop
    // if the attribute doesn't exist.
    unset: function(attr, options) {
      return this.set(attr, void 0, _.extend({}, options, {unset: true}));
    },

    // Clear all attributes on the model, firing `"change"`.
    clear: function(options) {
      var attrs = {};
      for (var key in this.attributes) attrs[key] = void 0;
      return this.set(attrs, _.extend({}, options, {unset: true}));
    },

    // Determine if the model has changed since the last `"change"` event.
    // If you specify an attribute name, determine if that attribute has changed.
    hasChanged: function(attr) {
      if (attr == null) return !_.isEmpty(this.changed);
      return _.has(this.changed, attr);
    },

    // Return an object containing all the attributes that have changed, or
    // false if there are no changed attributes. Useful for determining what
    // parts of a view need to be updated and/or what attributes need to be
    // persisted to the server. Unset attributes will be set to undefined.
    // You can also pass an attributes object to diff against the model,
    // determining if there *would be* a change.
    changedAttributes: function(diff) {
      if (!diff) return this.hasChanged() ? _.clone(this.changed) : false;
      var old = this._changing ? this._previousAttributes : this.attributes;
      var changed = {};
      var hasChanged;
      for (var attr in diff) {
        var val = diff[attr];
        if (_.isEqual(old[attr], val)) continue;
        changed[attr] = val;
        hasChanged = true;
      }
      return hasChanged ? changed : false;
    },

    // Get the previous value of an attribute, recorded at the time the last
    // `"change"` event was fired.
    previous: function(attr) {
      if (attr == null || !this._previousAttributes) return null;
      return this._previousAttributes[attr];
    },

    // Get all of the attributes of the model at the time of the previous
    // `"change"` event.
    previousAttributes: function() {
      return _.clone(this._previousAttributes);
    },

    // Fetch the model from the server, merging the response with the model's
    // local attributes. Any changed attributes will trigger a "change" event.
    fetch: function(options) {
      options = _.extend({parse: true}, options);
      var model = this;
      var success = options.success;
      options.success = function(resp) {
        var serverAttrs = options.parse ? model.parse(resp, options) : resp;
        if (!model.set(serverAttrs, options)) return false;
        if (success) success.call(options.context, model, resp, options);
        model.trigger('sync', model, resp, options);
      };
      wrapError(this, options);
      return this.sync('read', this, options);
    },

    // Set a hash of model attributes, and sync the model to the server.
    // If the server returns an attributes hash that differs, the model's
    // state will be `set` again.
    save: function(key, val, options) {
      // Handle both `"key", value` and `{key: value}` -style arguments.
      var attrs;
      if (key == null || typeof key === 'object') {
        attrs = key;
        options = val;
      } else {
        (attrs = {})[key] = val;
      }

      options = _.extend({validate: true, parse: true}, options);
      var wait = options.wait;

      // If we're not waiting and attributes exist, save acts as
      // `set(attr).save(null, opts)` with validation. Otherwise, check if
      // the model will be valid when the attributes, if any, are set.
      if (attrs && !wait) {
        if (!this.set(attrs, options)) return false;
      } else if (!this._validate(attrs, options)) {
        return false;
      }

      // After a successful server-side save, the client is (optionally)
      // updated with the server-side state.
      var model = this;
      var success = options.success;
      var attributes = this.attributes;
      options.success = function(resp) {
        // Ensure attributes are restored during synchronous saves.
        model.attributes = attributes;
        var serverAttrs = options.parse ? model.parse(resp, options) : resp;
        if (wait) serverAttrs = _.extend({}, attrs, serverAttrs);
        if (serverAttrs && !model.set(serverAttrs, options)) return false;
        if (success) success.call(options.context, model, resp, options);
        model.trigger('sync', model, resp, options);
      };
      wrapError(this, options);

      // Set temporary attributes if `{wait: true}` to properly find new ids.
      if (attrs && wait) this.attributes = _.extend({}, attributes, attrs);

      var method = this.isNew() ? 'create' : options.patch ? 'patch' : 'update';
      if (method === 'patch' && !options.attrs) options.attrs = attrs;
      var xhr = this.sync(method, this, options);

      // Restore attributes.
      this.attributes = attributes;

      return xhr;
    },

    // Destroy this model on the server if it was already persisted.
    // Optimistically removes the model from its collection, if it has one.
    // If `wait: true` is passed, waits for the server to respond before removal.
    destroy: function(options) {
      options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};
      var model = this;
      var success = options.success;
      var wait = options.wait;

      var destroy = function() {
        model.stopListening();
        model.trigger('destroy', model, model.collection, options);
      };

      options.success = function(resp) {
        if (wait) destroy();
        if (success) success.call(options.context, model, resp, options);
        if (!model.isNew()) model.trigger('sync', model, resp, options);
      };

      var xhr = false;
      if (this.isNew()) {
        _.defer(options.success);
      } else {
        wrapError(this, options);
        xhr = this.sync('delete', this, options);
      }
      if (!wait) destroy();
      return xhr;
    },

    // Default URL for the model's representation on the server -- if you're
    // using Backbone's restful methods, override this to change the endpoint
    // that will be called.
    url: function() {
      var base =
        _.result(this, 'urlRoot') ||
        _.result(this.collection, 'url') ||
        urlError();
      if (this.isNew()) return base;
      var id = this.get(this.idAttribute);
      return base.replace(/[^\/]$/, '$&/') + encodeURIComponent(id);
    },

    // **parse** converts a response into the hash of attributes to be `set` on
    // the model. The default implementation is just to pass the response along.
    parse: function(resp, options) {
      return resp;
    },

    // Create a new model with identical attributes to this one.
    clone: function() {
      return new this.constructor(this.attributes);
    },

    // A model is new if it has never been saved to the server, and lacks an id.
    isNew: function() {
      return !this.has(this.idAttribute);
    },

    // Check if the model is currently in a valid state.
    isValid: function(options) {
      return this._validate({}, _.extend({}, options, {validate: true}));
    },

    // Run validation against the next complete set of model attributes,
    // returning `true` if all is well. Otherwise, fire an `"invalid"` event.
    _validate: function(attrs, options) {
      if (!options.validate || !this.validate) return true;
      attrs = _.extend({}, this.attributes, attrs);
      var error = this.validationError = this.validate(attrs, options) || null;
      if (!error) return true;
      this.trigger('invalid', this, error, _.extend(options, {validationError: error}));
      return false;
    }

  });

  // Backbone.Collection
  // -------------------

  // If models tend to represent a single row of data, a Backbone Collection is
  // more analogous to a table full of data ... or a small slice or page of that
  // table, or a collection of rows that belong together for a particular reason
  // -- all of the messages in this particular folder, all of the documents
  // belonging to this particular author, and so on. Collections maintain
  // indexes of their models, both in order, and for lookup by `id`.

  // Create a new **Collection**, perhaps to contain a specific type of `model`.
  // If a `comparator` is specified, the Collection will maintain
  // its models in sort order, as they're added and removed.
  var Collection = Backbone.Collection = function(models, options) {
    options || (options = {});
    this.preinitialize.apply(this, arguments);
    if (options.model) this.model = options.model;
    if (options.comparator !== void 0) this.comparator = options.comparator;
    this._reset();
    this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
    if (models) this.reset(models, _.extend({silent: true}, options));
  };

  // Default options for `Collection#set`.
  var setOptions = {add: true, remove: true, merge: true};
  var addOptions = {add: true, remove: false};

  // Splices `insert` into `array` at index `at`.
  var splice = function(array, insert, at) {
    at = Math.min(Math.max(at, 0), array.length);
    var tail = Array(array.length - at);
    var length = insert.length;
    var i;
    for (i = 0; i < tail.length; i++) tail[i] = array[i + at];
    for (i = 0; i < length; i++) array[i + at] = insert[i];
    for (i = 0; i < tail.length; i++) array[i + length + at] = tail[i];
  };

  // Define the Collection's inheritable methods.
  _.extend(Collection.prototype, Events, {

    // The default model for a collection is just a **Backbone.Model**.
    // This should be overridden in most cases.
    model: Model,


    // preinitialize is an empty function by default. You can override it with a function
    // or object.  preinitialize will run before any instantiation logic is run in the Collection.
    preinitialize: function(){},

    // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own
    // initialization logic.
    initialize: function(){},

    // The JSON representation of a Collection is an array of the
    // models' attributes.
    toJSON: function(options) {
      return this.map(function(model) { return model.toJSON(options); });
    },

    // Proxy `Backbone.sync` by default.
    sync: function() {
      return Backbone.sync.apply(this, arguments);
    },

    // Add a model, or list of models to the set. `models` may be Backbone
    // Models or raw JavaScript objects to be converted to Models, or any
    // combination of the two.
    add: function(models, options) {
      return this.set(models, _.extend({merge: false}, options, addOptions));
    },

    // Remove a model, or a list of models from the set.
    remove: function(models, options) {
      options = _.extend({}, options);
      var singular = !_.isArray(models);
      models = singular ? [models] : models.slice();
      var removed = this._removeModels(models, options);
      if (!options.silent && removed.length) {
        options.changes = {added: [], merged: [], removed: removed};
        this.trigger('update', this, options);
      }
      return singular ? removed[0] : removed;
    },

    // Update a collection by `set`-ing a new list of models, adding new ones,
    // removing models that are no longer present, and merging models that
    // already exist in the collection, as necessary. Similar to **Model#set**,
    // the core operation for updating the data contained by the collection.
    set: function(models, options) {
      if (models == null) return;

      options = _.extend({}, setOptions, options);
      if (options.parse && !this._isModel(models)) {
        models = this.parse(models, options) || [];
      }

      var singular = !_.isArray(models);
      models = singular ? [models] : models.slice();

      var at = options.at;
      if (at != null) at = +at;
      if (at > this.length) at = this.length;
      if (at < 0) at += this.length + 1;

      var set = [];
      var toAdd = [];
      var toMerge = [];
      var toRemove = [];
      var modelMap = {};

      var add = options.add;
      var merge = options.merge;
      var remove = options.remove;

      var sort = false;
      var sortable = this.comparator && at == null && options.sort !== false;
      var sortAttr = _.isString(this.comparator) ? this.comparator : null;

      // Turn bare objects into model references, and prevent invalid models
      // from being added.
      var model, i;
      for (i = 0; i < models.length; i++) {
        model = models[i];

        // If a duplicate is found, prevent it from being added and
        // optionally merge it into the existing model.
        var existing = this.get(model);
        if (existing) {
          if (merge && model !== existing) {
            var attrs = this._isModel(model) ? model.attributes : model;
            if (options.parse) attrs = existing.parse(attrs, options);
            existing.set(attrs, options);
            toMerge.push(existing);
            if (sortable && !sort) sort = existing.hasChanged(sortAttr);
          }
          if (!modelMap[existing.cid]) {
            modelMap[existing.cid] = true;
            set.push(existing);
          }
          models[i] = existing;

        // If this is a new, valid model, push it to the `toAdd` list.
        } else if (add) {
          model = models[i] = this._prepareModel(model, options);
          if (model) {
            toAdd.push(model);
            this._addReference(model, options);
            modelMap[model.cid] = true;
            set.push(model);
          }
        }
      }

      // Remove stale models.
      if (remove) {
        for (i = 0; i < this.length; i++) {
          model = this.models[i];
          if (!modelMap[model.cid]) toRemove.push(model);
        }
        if (toRemove.length) this._removeModels(toRemove, options);
      }

      // See if sorting is needed, update `length` and splice in new models.
      var orderChanged = false;
      var replace = !sortable && add && remove;
      if (set.length && replace) {
        orderChanged = this.length !== set.length || _.some(this.models, function(m, index) {
          return m !== set[index];
        });
        this.models.length = 0;
        splice(this.models, set, 0);
        this.length = this.models.length;
      } else if (toAdd.length) {
        if (sortable) sort = true;
        splice(this.models, toAdd, at == null ? this.length : at);
        this.length = this.models.length;
      }

      // Silently sort the collection if appropriate.
      if (sort) this.sort({silent: true});

      // Unless silenced, it's time to fire all appropriate add/sort/update events.
      if (!options.silent) {
        for (i = 0; i < toAdd.length; i++) {
          if (at != null) options.index = at + i;
          model = toAdd[i];
          model.trigger('add', model, this, options);
        }
        if (sort || orderChanged) this.trigger('sort', this, options);
        if (toAdd.length || toRemove.length || toMerge.length) {
          options.changes = {
            added: toAdd,
            removed: toRemove,
            merged: toMerge
          };
          this.trigger('update', this, options);
        }
      }

      // Return the added (or merged) model (or models).
      return singular ? models[0] : models;
    },

    // When you have more items than you want to add or remove individually,
    // you can reset the entire set with a new list of models, without firing
    // any granular `add` or `remove` events. Fires `reset` when finished.
    // Useful for bulk operations and optimizations.
    reset: function(models, options) {
      options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};
      for (var i = 0; i < this.models.length; i++) {
        this._removeReference(this.models[i], options);
      }
      options.previousModels = this.models;
      this._reset();
      models = this.add(models, _.extend({silent: true}, options));
      if (!options.silent) this.trigger('reset', this, options);
      return models;
    },

    // Add a model to the end of the collection.
    push: function(model, options) {
      return this.add(model, _.extend({at: this.length}, options));
    },

    // Remove a model from the end of the collection.
    pop: function(options) {
      var model = this.at(this.length - 1);
      return this.remove(model, options);
    },

    // Add a model to the beginning of the collection.
    unshift: function(model, options) {
      return this.add(model, _.extend({at: 0}, options));
    },

    // Remove a model from the beginning of the collection.
    shift: function(options) {
      var model = this.at(0);
      return this.remove(model, options);
    },

    // Slice out a sub-array of models from the collection.
    slice: function() {
      return slice.apply(this.models, arguments);
    },

    // Get a model from the set by id, cid, model object with id or cid
    // properties, or an attributes object that is transformed through modelId.
    get: function(obj) {
      if (obj == null) return void 0;
      return this._byId[obj] ||
        this._byId[this.modelId(this._isModel(obj) ? obj.attributes : obj, obj.idAttribute)] ||
        obj.cid && this._byId[obj.cid];
    },

    // Returns `true` if the model is in the collection.
    has: function(obj) {
      return this.get(obj) != null;
    },

    // Get the model at the given index.
    at: function(index) {
      if (index < 0) index += this.length;
      return this.models[index];
    },

    // Return models with matching attributes. Useful for simple cases of
    // `filter`.
    where: function(attrs, first) {
      return this[first ? 'find' : 'filter'](attrs);
    },

    // Return the first model with matching attributes. Useful for simple cases
    // of `find`.
    findWhere: function(attrs) {
      return this.where(attrs, true);
    },

    // Force the collection to re-sort itself. You don't need to call this under
    // normal circumstances, as the set will maintain sort order as each item
    // is added.
    sort: function(options) {
      var comparator = this.comparator;
      if (!comparator) throw new Error('Cannot sort a set without a comparator');
      options || (options = {});

      var length = comparator.length;
      if (_.isFunction(comparator)) comparator = comparator.bind(this);

      // Run sort based on type of `comparator`.
      if (length === 1 || _.isString(comparator)) {
        this.models = this.sortBy(comparator);
      } else {
        this.models.sort(comparator);
      }
      if (!options.silent) this.trigger('sort', this, options);
      return this;
    },

    // Pluck an attribute from each model in the collection.
    pluck: function(attr) {
      return this.map(attr + '');
    },

    // Fetch the default set of models for this collection, resetting the
    // collection when they arrive. If `reset: true` is passed, the response
    // data will be passed through the `reset` method instead of `set`.
    fetch: function(options) {
      options = _.extend({parse: true}, options);
      var success = options.success;
      var collection = this;
      options.success = function(resp) {
        var method = options.reset ? 'reset' : 'set';
        collection[method](resp, options);
        if (success) success.call(options.context, collection, resp, options);
        collection.trigger('sync', collection, resp, options);
      };
      wrapError(this, options);
      return this.sync('read', this, options);
    },

    // Create a new instance of a model in this collection. Add the model to the
    // collection immediately, unless `wait: true` is passed, in which case we
    // wait for the server to agree.
    create: function(model, options) {
      options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};
      var wait = options.wait;
      model = this._prepareModel(model, options);
      if (!model) return false;
      if (!wait) this.add(model, options);
      var collection = this;
      var success = options.success;
      options.success = function(m, resp, callbackOpts) {
        if (wait) collection.add(m, callbackOpts);
        if (success) success.call(callbackOpts.context, m, resp, callbackOpts);
      };
      model.save(null, options);
      return model;
    },

    // **parse** converts a response into a list of models to be added to the
    // collection. The default implementation is just to pass it through.
    parse: function(resp, options) {
      return resp;
    },

    // Create a new collection with an identical list of models as this one.
    clone: function() {
      return new this.constructor(this.models, {
        model: this.model,
        comparator: this.comparator
      });
    },

    // Define how to uniquely identify models in the collection.
    modelId: function(attrs, idAttribute) {
      return attrs[idAttribute || this.model.prototype.idAttribute || 'id'];
    },

    // Get an iterator of all models in this collection.
    values: function() {
      return new CollectionIterator(this, ITERATOR_VALUES);
    },

    // Get an iterator of all model IDs in this collection.
    keys: function() {
      return new CollectionIterator(this, ITERATOR_KEYS);
    },

    // Get an iterator of all [ID, model] tuples in this collection.
    entries: function() {
      return new CollectionIterator(this, ITERATOR_KEYSVALUES);
    },

    // Private method to reset all internal state. Called when the collection
    // is first initialized or reset.
    _reset: function() {
      this.length = 0;
      this.models = [];
      this._byId  = {};
    },

    // Prepare a hash of attributes (or other model) to be added to this
    // collection.
    _prepareModel: function(attrs, options) {
      if (this._isModel(attrs)) {
        if (!attrs.collection) attrs.collection = this;
        return attrs;
      }
      options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};
      options.collection = this;

      var model;
      if (this.model.prototype) {
        model = new this.model(attrs, options);
      } else {
        // ES class methods didn't have prototype
        model = this.model(attrs, options);
      }

      if (!model.validationError) return model;
      this.trigger('invalid', this, model.validationError, options);
      return false;
    },

    // Internal method called by both remove and set.
    _removeModels: function(models, options) {
      var removed = [];
      for (var i = 0; i < models.length; i++) {
        var model = this.get(models[i]);
        if (!model) continue;

        var index = this.indexOf(model);
        this.models.splice(index, 1);
        this.length--;

        // Remove references before triggering 'remove' event to prevent an
        // infinite loop. #3693
        delete this._byId[model.cid];
        var id = this.modelId(model.attributes, model.idAttribute);
        if (id != null) delete this._byId[id];

        if (!options.silent) {
          options.index = index;
          model.trigger('remove', model, this, options);
        }

        removed.push(model);
        this._removeReference(model, options);
      }
      return removed;
    },

    // Method for checking whether an object should be considered a model for
    // the purposes of adding to the collection.
    _isModel: function(model) {
      return model instanceof Model;
    },

    // Internal method to create a model's ties to a collection.
    _addReference: function(model, options) {
      this._byId[model.cid] = model;
      var id = this.modelId(model.attributes, model.idAttribute);
      if (id != null) this._byId[id] = model;
      model.on('all', this._onModelEvent, this);
    },

    // Internal method to sever a model's ties to a collection.
    _removeReference: function(model, options) {
      delete this._byId[model.cid];
      var id = this.modelId(model.attributes, model.idAttribute);
      if (id != null) delete this._byId[id];
      if (this === model.collection) delete model.collection;
      model.off('all', this._onModelEvent, this);
    },

    // Internal method called every time a model in the set fires an event.
    // Sets need to update their indexes when models change ids. All other
    // events simply proxy through. "add" and "remove" events that originate
    // in other collections are ignored.
    _onModelEvent: function(event, model, collection, options) {
      if (model) {
        if ((event === 'add' || event === 'remove') && collection !== this) return;
        if (event === 'destroy') this.remove(model, options);
        if (event === 'changeId') {
          var prevId = this.modelId(model.previousAttributes(), model.idAttribute);
          var id = this.modelId(model.attributes, model.idAttribute);
          if (prevId != null) delete this._byId[prevId];
          if (id != null) this._byId[id] = model;
        }
      }
      this.trigger.apply(this, arguments);
    }

  });

  // Defining an @@iterator method implements JavaScript's Iterable protocol.
  // In modern ES2015 browsers, this value is found at Symbol.iterator.
  /* global Symbol */
  var $$iterator = typeof Symbol === 'function' && Symbol.iterator;
  if ($$iterator) {
    Collection.prototype[$$iterator] = Collection.prototype.values;
  }

  // CollectionIterator
  // ------------------

  // A CollectionIterator implements JavaScript's Iterator protocol, allowing the
  // use of `for of` loops in modern browsers and interoperation between
  // Backbone.Collection and other JavaScript functions and third-party libraries
  // which can operate on Iterables.
  var CollectionIterator = function(collection, kind) {
    this._collection = collection;
    this._kind = kind;
    this._index = 0;
  };

  // This "enum" defines the three possible kinds of values which can be emitted
  // by a CollectionIterator that correspond to the values(), keys() and entries()
  // methods on Collection, respectively.
  var ITERATOR_VALUES = 1;
  var ITERATOR_KEYS = 2;
  var ITERATOR_KEYSVALUES = 3;

  // All Iterators should themselves be Iterable.
  if ($$iterator) {
    CollectionIterator.prototype[$$iterator] = function() {
      return this;
    };
  }

  CollectionIterator.prototype.next = function() {
    if (this._collection) {

      // Only continue iterating if the iterated collection is long enough.
      if (this._index < this._collection.length) {
        var model = this._collection.at(this._index);
        this._index++;

        // Construct a value depending on what kind of values should be iterated.
        var value;
        if (this._kind === ITERATOR_VALUES) {
          value = model;
        } else {
          var id = this._collection.modelId(model.attributes, model.idAttribute);
          if (this._kind === ITERATOR_KEYS) {
            value = id;
          } else { // ITERATOR_KEYSVALUES
            value = [id, model];
          }
        }
        return {value: value, done: false};
      }

      // Once exhausted, remove the reference to the collection so future
      // calls to the next method always return done.
      this._collection = void 0;
    }

    return {value: void 0, done: true};
  };

  // Backbone.View
  // -------------

  // Backbone Views are almost more convention than they are actual code. A View
  // is simply a JavaScript object that represents a logical chunk of UI in the
  // DOM. This might be a single item, an entire list, a sidebar or panel, or
  // even the surrounding frame which wraps your whole app. Defining a chunk of
  // UI as a **View** allows you to define your DOM events declaratively, without
  // having to worry about render order ... and makes it easy for the view to
  // react to specific changes in the state of your models.

  // Creating a Backbone.View creates its initial element outside of the DOM,
  // if an existing element is not provided...
  var View = Backbone.View = function(options) {
    this.cid = _.uniqueId('view');
    this.preinitialize.apply(this, arguments);
    _.extend(this, _.pick(options, viewOptions));
    this._ensureElement();
    this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
  };

  // Cached regex to split keys for `delegate`.
  var delegateEventSplitter = /^(\S+)\s*(.*)$/;

  // List of view options to be set as properties.
  var viewOptions = ['model', 'collection', 'el', 'id', 'attributes', 'className', 'tagName', 'events'];

  // Set up all inheritable **Backbone.View** properties and methods.
  _.extend(View.prototype, Events, {

    // The default `tagName` of a View's element is `"div"`.
    tagName: 'div',

    // jQuery delegate for element lookup, scoped to DOM elements within the
    // current view. This should be preferred to global lookups where possible.
    $: function(selector) {
      return this.$el.find(selector);
    },

    // preinitialize is an empty function by default. You can override it with a function
    // or object.  preinitialize will run before any instantiation logic is run in the View
    preinitialize: function(){},

    // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own
    // initialization logic.
    initialize: function(){},

    // **render** is the core function that your view should override, in order
    // to populate its element (`this.el`), with the appropriate HTML. The
    // convention is for **render** to always return `this`.
    render: function() {
      return this;
    },

    // Remove this view by taking the element out of the DOM, and removing any
    // applicable Backbone.Events listeners.
    remove: function() {
      this._removeElement();
      this.stopListening();
      return this;
    },

    // Remove this view's element from the document and all event listeners
    // attached to it. Exposed for subclasses using an alternative DOM
    // manipulation API.
    _removeElement: function() {
      this.$el.remove();
    },

    // Change the view's element (`this.el` property) and re-delegate the
    // view's events on the new element.
    setElement: function(element) {
      this.undelegateEvents();
      this._setElement(element);
      this.delegateEvents();
      return this;
    },

    // Creates the `this.el` and `this.$el` references for this view using the
    // given `el`. `el` can be a CSS selector or an HTML string, a jQuery
    // context or an element. Subclasses can override this to utilize an
    // alternative DOM manipulation API and are only required to set the
    // `this.el` property.
    _setElement: function(el) {
      this.$el = el instanceof Backbone.$ ? el : Backbone.$(el);
      this.el = this.$el[0];
    },

    // Set callbacks, where `this.events` is a hash of
    //
    // *{"event selector": "callback"}*
    //
    //     {
    //       'mousedown .title':  'edit',
    //       'click .button':     'save',
    //       'click .open':       function(e) { ... }
    //     }
    //
    // pairs. Callbacks will be bound to the view, with `this` set properly.
    // Uses event delegation for efficiency.
    // Omitting the selector binds the event to `this.el`.
    delegateEvents: function(events) {
      events || (events = _.result(this, 'events'));
      if (!events) return this;
      this.undelegateEvents();
      for (var key in events) {
        var method = events[key];
        if (!_.isFunction(method)) method = this[method];
        if (!method) continue;
        var match = key.match(delegateEventSplitter);
        this.delegate(match[1], match[2], method.bind(this));
      }
      return this;
    },

    // Add a single event listener to the view's element (or a child element
    // using `selector`). This only works for delegate-able events: not `focus`,
    // `blur`, and not `change`, `submit`, and `reset` in Internet Explorer.
    delegate: function(eventName, selector, listener) {
      this.$el.on(eventName + '.delegateEvents' + this.cid, selector, listener);
      return this;
    },

    // Clears all callbacks previously bound to the view by `delegateEvents`.
    // You usually don't need to use this, but may wish to if you have multiple
    // Backbone views attached to the same DOM element.
    undelegateEvents: function() {
      if (this.$el) this.$el.off('.delegateEvents' + this.cid);
      return this;
    },

    // A finer-grained `undelegateEvents` for removing a single delegated event.
    // `selector` and `listener` are both optional.
    undelegate: function(eventName, selector, listener) {
      this.$el.off(eventName + '.delegateEvents' + this.cid, selector, listener);
      return this;
    },

    // Produces a DOM element to be assigned to your view. Exposed for
    // subclasses using an alternative DOM manipulation API.
    _createElement: function(tagName) {
      return document.createElement(tagName);
    },

    // Ensure that the View has a DOM element to render into.
    // If `this.el` is a string, pass it through `$()`, take the first
    // matching element, and re-assign it to `el`. Otherwise, create
    // an element from the `id`, `className` and `tagName` properties.
    _ensureElement: function() {
      if (!this.el) {
        var attrs = _.extend({}, _.result(this, 'attributes'));
        if (this.id) attrs.id = _.result(this, 'id');
        if (this.className) attrs['class'] = _.result(this, 'className');
        this.setElement(this._createElement(_.result(this, 'tagName')));
        this._setAttributes(attrs);
      } else {
        this.setElement(_.result(this, 'el'));
      }
    },

    // Set attributes from a hash on this view's element.  Exposed for
    // subclasses using an alternative DOM manipulation API.
    _setAttributes: function(attributes) {
      this.$el.attr(attributes);
    }

  });

  // Proxy Backbone class methods to Underscore functions, wrapping the model's
  // `attributes` object or collection's `models` array behind the scenes.
  //
  // collection.filter(function(model) { return model.get('age') > 10 });
  // collection.each(this.addView);
  //
  // `Function#apply` can be slow so we use the method's arg count, if we know it.
  var addMethod = function(base, length, method, attribute) {
    switch (length) {
      case 1: return function() {
        return base[method](this[attribute]);
      };
      case 2: return function(value) {
        return base[method](this[attribute], value);
      };
      case 3: return function(iteratee, context) {
        return base[method](this[attribute], cb(iteratee, this), context);
      };
      case 4: return function(iteratee, defaultVal, context) {
        return base[method](this[attribute], cb(iteratee, this), defaultVal, context);
      };
      default: return function() {
        var args = slice.call(arguments);
        args.unshift(this[attribute]);
        return base[method].apply(base, args);
      };
    }
  };

  var addUnderscoreMethods = function(Class, base, methods, attribute) {
    _.each(methods, function(length, method) {
      if (base[method]) Class.prototype[method] = addMethod(base, length, method, attribute);
    });
  };

  // Support `collection.sortBy('attr')` and `collection.findWhere({id: 1})`.
  var cb = function(iteratee, instance) {
    if (_.isFunction(iteratee)) return iteratee;
    if (_.isObject(iteratee) && !instance._isModel(iteratee)) return modelMatcher(iteratee);
    if (_.isString(iteratee)) return function(model) { return model.get(iteratee); };
    return iteratee;
  };
  var modelMatcher = function(attrs) {
    var matcher = _.matches(attrs);
    return function(model) {
      return matcher(model.attributes);
    };
  };

  // Underscore methods that we want to implement on the Collection.
  // 90% of the core usefulness of Backbone Collections is actually implemented
  // right here:
  var collectionMethods = {forEach: 3, each: 3, map: 3, collect: 3, reduce: 0,
    foldl: 0, inject: 0, reduceRight: 0, foldr: 0, find: 3, detect: 3, filter: 3,
    select: 3, reject: 3, every: 3, all: 3, some: 3, any: 3, include: 3, includes: 3,
    contains: 3, invoke: 0, max: 3, min: 3, toArray: 1, size: 1, first: 3,
    head: 3, take: 3, initial: 3, rest: 3, tail: 3, drop: 3, last: 3,
    without: 0, difference: 0, indexOf: 3, shuffle: 1, lastIndexOf: 3,
    isEmpty: 1, chain: 1, sample: 3, partition: 3, groupBy: 3, countBy: 3,
    sortBy: 3, indexBy: 3, findIndex: 3, findLastIndex: 3};


  // Underscore methods that we want to implement on the Model, mapped to the
  // number of arguments they take.
  var modelMethods = {keys: 1, values: 1, pairs: 1, invert: 1, pick: 0,
    omit: 0, chain: 1, isEmpty: 1};

  // Mix in each Underscore method as a proxy to `Collection#models`.

  _.each([
    [Collection, collectionMethods, 'models'],
    [Model, modelMethods, 'attributes']
  ], function(config) {
    var Base = config[0],
        methods = config[1],
        attribute = config[2];

    Base.mixin = function(obj) {
      var mappings = _.reduce(_.functions(obj), function(memo, name) {
        memo[name] = 0;
        return memo;
      }, {});
      addUnderscoreMethods(Base, obj, mappings, attribute);
    };

    addUnderscoreMethods(Base, _, methods, attribute);
  });

  // Backbone.sync
  // -------------

  // Override this function to change the manner in which Backbone persists
  // models to the server. You will be passed the type of request, and the
  // model in question. By default, makes a RESTful Ajax request
  // to the model's `url()`. Some possible customizations could be:
  //
  // * Use `setTimeout` to batch rapid-fire updates into a single request.
  // * Send up the models as XML instead of JSON.
  // * Persist models via WebSockets instead of Ajax.
  //
  // Turn on `Backbone.emulateHTTP` in order to send `PUT` and `DELETE` requests
  // as `POST`, with a `_method` parameter containing the true HTTP method,
  // as well as all requests with the body as `application/x-www-form-urlencoded`
  // instead of `application/json` with the model in a param named `model`.
  // Useful when interfacing with server-side languages like **PHP** that make
  // it difficult to read the body of `PUT` requests.
  Backbone.sync = function(method, model, options) {
    var type = methodMap[method];

    // Default options, unless specified.
    _.defaults(options || (options = {}), {
      emulateHTTP: Backbone.emulateHTTP,
      emulateJSON: Backbone.emulateJSON
    });

    // Default JSON-request options.
    var params = {type: type, dataType: 'json'};

    // Ensure that we have a URL.
    if (!options.url) {
      params.url = _.result(model, 'url') || urlError();
    }

    // Ensure that we have the appropriate request data.
    if (options.data == null && model && (method === 'create' || method === 'update' || method === 'patch')) {
      params.contentType = 'application/json';
      params.data = JSON.stringify(options.attrs || model.toJSON(options));
    }

    // For older servers, emulate JSON by encoding the request into an HTML-form.
    if (options.emulateJSON) {
      params.contentType = 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded';
      params.data = params.data ? {model: params.data} : {};
    }

    // For older servers, emulate HTTP by mimicking the HTTP method with `_method`
    // And an `X-HTTP-Method-Override` header.
    if (options.emulateHTTP && (type === 'PUT' || type === 'DELETE' || type === 'PATCH')) {
      params.type = 'POST';
      if (options.emulateJSON) params.data._method = type;
      var beforeSend = options.beforeSend;
      options.beforeSend = function(xhr) {
        xhr.setRequestHeader('X-HTTP-Method-Override', type);
        if (beforeSend) return beforeSend.apply(this, arguments);
      };
    }

    // Don't process data on a non-GET request.
    if (params.type !== 'GET' && !options.emulateJSON) {
      params.processData = false;
    }

    // Pass along `textStatus` and `errorThrown` from jQuery.
    var error = options.error;
    options.error = function(xhr, textStatus, errorThrown) {
      options.textStatus = textStatus;
      options.errorThrown = errorThrown;
      if (error) error.call(options.context, xhr, textStatus, errorThrown);
    };

    // Make the request, allowing the user to override any Ajax options.
    var xhr = options.xhr = Backbone.ajax(_.extend(params, options));
    model.trigger('request', model, xhr, options);
    return xhr;
  };

  // Map from CRUD to HTTP for our default `Backbone.sync` implementation.
  var methodMap = {
    'create': 'POST',
    'update': 'PUT',
    'patch': 'PATCH',
    'delete': 'DELETE',
    'read': 'GET'
  };

  // Set the default implementation of `Backbone.ajax` to proxy through to `$`.
  // Override this if you'd like to use a different library.
  Backbone.ajax = function() {
    return Backbone.$.ajax.apply(Backbone.$, arguments);
  };

  // Backbone.Router
  // ---------------

  // Routers map faux-URLs to actions, and fire events when routes are
  // matched. Creating a new one sets its `routes` hash, if not set statically.
  var Router = Backbone.Router = function(options) {
    options || (options = {});
    this.preinitialize.apply(this, arguments);
    if (options.routes) this.routes = options.routes;
    this._bindRoutes();
    this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
  };

  // Cached regular expressions for matching named param parts and splatted
  // parts of route strings.
  var optionalParam = /\((.*?)\)/g;
  var namedParam    = /(\(\?)?:\w+/g;
  var splatParam    = /\*\w+/g;
  var escapeRegExp  = /[\-{}\[\]+?.,\\\^$|#\s]/g;

  // Set up all inheritable **Backbone.Router** properties and methods.
  _.extend(Router.prototype, Events, {

    // preinitialize is an empty function by default. You can override it with a function
    // or object.  preinitialize will run before any instantiation logic is run in the Router.
    preinitialize: function(){},

    // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own
    // initialization logic.
    initialize: function(){},

    // Manually bind a single named route to a callback. For example:
    //
    //     this.route('search/:query/p:num', 'search', function(query, num) {
    //       ...
    //     });
    //
    route: function(route, name, callback) {
      if (!_.isRegExp(route)) route = this._routeToRegExp(route);
      if (_.isFunction(name)) {
        callback = name;
        name = '';
      }
      if (!callback) callback = this[name];
      var router = this;
      Backbone.history.route(route, function(fragment) {
        var args = router._extractParameters(route, fragment);
        if (router.execute(callback, args, name) !== false) {
          router.trigger.apply(router, ['route:' + name].concat(args));
          router.trigger('route', name, args);
          Backbone.history.trigger('route', router, name, args);
        }
      });
      return this;
    },

    // Execute a route handler with the provided parameters.  This is an
    // excellent place to do pre-route setup or post-route cleanup.
    execute: function(callback, args, name) {
      if (callback) callback.apply(this, args);
    },

    // Simple proxy to `Backbone.history` to save a fragment into the history.
    navigate: function(fragment, options) {
      Backbone.history.navigate(fragment, options);
      return this;
    },

    // Bind all defined routes to `Backbone.history`. We have to reverse the
    // order of the routes here to support behavior where the most general
    // routes can be defined at the bottom of the route map.
    _bindRoutes: function() {
      if (!this.routes) return;
      this.routes = _.result(this, 'routes');
      var route, routes = _.keys(this.routes);
      while ((route = routes.pop()) != null) {
        this.route(route, this.routes[route]);
      }
    },

    // Convert a route string into a regular expression, suitable for matching
    // against the current location hash.
    _routeToRegExp: function(route) {
      route = route.replace(escapeRegExp, '\\$&')
      .replace(optionalParam, '(?:$1)?')
      .replace(namedParam, function(match, optional) {
        return optional ? match : '([^/?]+)';
      })
      .replace(splatParam, '([^?]*?)');
      return new RegExp('^' + route + '(?:\\?([\\s\\S]*))?$');
    },

    // Given a route, and a URL fragment that it matches, return the array of
    // extracted decoded parameters. Empty or unmatched parameters will be
    // treated as `null` to normalize cross-browser behavior.
    _extractParameters: function(route, fragment) {
      var params = route.exec(fragment).slice(1);
      return _.map(params, function(param, i) {
        // Don't decode the search params.
        if (i === params.length - 1) return param || null;
        return param ? decodeURIComponent(param) : null;
      });
    }

  });

  // Backbone.History
  // ----------------

  // Handles cross-browser history management, based on either
  // [pushState](http://diveintohtml5.info/history.html) and real URLs, or
  // [onhashchange](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/DOM/window.onhashchange)
  // and URL fragments. If the browser supports neither (old IE, natch),
  // falls back to polling.
  var History = Backbone.History = function() {
    this.handlers = [];
    this.checkUrl = this.checkUrl.bind(this);

    // Ensure that `History` can be used outside of the browser.
    if (typeof window !== 'undefined') {
      this.location = window.location;
      this.history = window.history;
    }
  };

  // Cached regex for stripping a leading hash/slash and trailing space.
  var routeStripper = /^[#\/]|\s+$/g;

  // Cached regex for stripping leading and trailing slashes.
  var rootStripper = /^\/+|\/+$/g;

  // Cached regex for stripping urls of hash.
  var pathStripper = /#.*$/;

  // Has the history handling already been started?
  History.started = false;

  // Set up all inheritable **Backbone.History** properties and methods.
  _.extend(History.prototype, Events, {

    // The default interval to poll for hash changes, if necessary, is
    // twenty times a second.
    interval: 50,

    // Are we at the app root?
    atRoot: function() {
      var path = this.location.pathname.replace(/[^\/]$/, '$&/');
      return path === this.root && !this.getSearch();
    },

    // Does the pathname match the root?
    matchRoot: function() {
      var path = this.decodeFragment(this.location.pathname);
      var rootPath = path.slice(0, this.root.length - 1) + '/';
      return rootPath === this.root;
    },

    // Unicode characters in `location.pathname` are percent encoded so they're
    // decoded for comparison. `%25` should not be decoded since it may be part
    // of an encoded parameter.
    decodeFragment: function(fragment) {
      return decodeURI(fragment.replace(/%25/g, '%2525'));
    },

    // In IE6, the hash fragment and search params are incorrect if the
    // fragment contains `?`.
    getSearch: function() {
      var match = this.location.href.replace(/#.*/, '').match(/\?.+/);
      return match ? match[0] : '';
    },

    // Gets the true hash value. Cannot use location.hash directly due to bug
    // in Firefox where location.hash will always be decoded.
    getHash: function(window) {
      var match = (window || this).location.href.match(/#(.*)$/);
      return match ? match[1] : '';
    },

    // Get the pathname and search params, without the root.
    getPath: function() {
      var path = this.decodeFragment(
        this.location.pathname + this.getSearch()
      ).slice(this.root.length - 1);
      return path.charAt(0) === '/' ? path.slice(1) : path;
    },

    // Get the cross-browser normalized URL fragment from the path or hash.
    getFragment: function(fragment) {
      if (fragment == null) {
        if (this._usePushState || !this._wantsHashChange) {
          fragment = this.getPath();
        } else {
          fragment = this.getHash();
        }
      }
      return fragment.replace(routeStripper, '');
    },

    // Start the hash change handling, returning `true` if the current URL matches
    // an existing route, and `false` otherwise.
    start: function(options) {
      if (History.started) throw new Error('Backbone.history has already been started');
      History.started = true;

      // Figure out the initial configuration. Do we need an iframe?
      // Is pushState desired ... is it available?
      this.options          = _.extend({root: '/'}, this.options, options);
      this.root             = this.options.root;
      this._wantsHashChange = this.options.hashChange !== false;
      this._hasHashChange   = 'onhashchange' in window && (document.documentMode === void 0 || document.documentMode > 7);
      this._useHashChange   = this._wantsHashChange && this._hasHashChange;
      this._wantsPushState  = !!this.options.pushState;
      this._hasPushState    = !!(this.history && this.history.pushState);
      this._usePushState    = this._wantsPushState && this._hasPushState;
      this.fragment         = this.getFragment();

      // Normalize root to always include a leading and trailing slash.
      this.root = ('/' + this.root + '/').replace(rootStripper, '/');

      // Transition from hashChange to pushState or vice versa if both are
      // requested.
      if (this._wantsHashChange && this._wantsPushState) {

        // If we've started off with a route from a `pushState`-enabled
        // browser, but we're currently in a browser that doesn't support it...
        if (!this._hasPushState && !this.atRoot()) {
          var rootPath = this.root.slice(0, -1) || '/';
          this.location.replace(rootPath + '#' + this.getPath());
          // Return immediately as browser will do redirect to new url
          return true;

        // Or if we've started out with a hash-based route, but we're currently
        // in a browser where it could be `pushState`-based instead...
        } else if (this._hasPushState && this.atRoot()) {
          this.navigate(this.getHash(), {replace: true});
        }

      }

      // Proxy an iframe to handle location events if the browser doesn't
      // support the `hashchange` event, HTML5 history, or the user wants
      // `hashChange` but not `pushState`.
      if (!this._hasHashChange && this._wantsHashChange && !this._usePushState) {
        this.iframe = document.createElement('iframe');
        this.iframe.src = 'javascript:0';
        this.iframe.style.display = 'none';
        this.iframe.tabIndex = -1;
        var body = document.body;
        // Using `appendChild` will throw on IE < 9 if the document is not ready.
        var iWindow = body.insertBefore(this.iframe, body.firstChild).contentWindow;
        iWindow.document.open();
        iWindow.document.close();
        iWindow.location.hash = '#' + this.fragment;
      }

      // Add a cross-platform `addEventListener` shim for older browsers.
      var addEventListener = window.addEventListener || function(eventName, listener) {
        return attachEvent('on' + eventName, listener);
      };

      // Depending on whether we're using pushState or hashes, and whether
      // 'onhashchange' is supported, determine how we check the URL state.
      if (this._usePushState) {
        addEventListener('popstate', this.checkUrl, false);
      } else if (this._useHashChange && !this.iframe) {
        addEventListener('hashchange', this.checkUrl, false);
      } else if (this._wantsHashChange) {
        this._checkUrlInterval = setInterval(this.checkUrl, this.interval);
      }

      if (!this.options.silent) return this.loadUrl();
    },

    // Disable Backbone.history, perhaps temporarily. Not useful in a real app,
    // but possibly useful for unit testing Routers.
    stop: function() {
      // Add a cross-platform `removeEventListener` shim for older browsers.
      var removeEventListener = window.removeEventListener || function(eventName, listener) {
        return detachEvent('on' + eventName, listener);
      };

      // Remove window listeners.
      if (this._usePushState) {
        removeEventListener('popstate', this.checkUrl, false);
      } else if (this._useHashChange && !this.iframe) {
        removeEventListener('hashchange', this.checkUrl, false);
      }

      // Clean up the iframe if necessary.
      if (this.iframe) {
        document.body.removeChild(this.iframe);
        this.iframe = null;
      }

      // Some environments will throw when clearing an undefined interval.
      if (this._checkUrlInterval) clearInterval(this._checkUrlInterval);
      History.started = false;
    },

    // Add a route to be tested when the fragment changes. Routes added later
    // may override previous routes.
    route: function(route, callback) {
      this.handlers.unshift({route: route, callback: callback});
    },

    // Checks the current URL to see if it has changed, and if it has,
    // calls `loadUrl`, normalizing across the hidden iframe.
    checkUrl: function(e) {
      var current = this.getFragment();

      // If the user pressed the back button, the iframe's hash will have
      // changed and we should use that for comparison.
      if (current === this.fragment && this.iframe) {
        current = this.getHash(this.iframe.contentWindow);
      }

      if (current === this.fragment) return false;
      if (this.iframe) this.navigate(current);
      this.loadUrl();
    },

    // Attempt to load the current URL fragment. If a route succeeds with a
    // match, returns `true`. If no defined routes matches the fragment,
    // returns `false`.
    loadUrl: function(fragment) {
      // If the root doesn't match, no routes can match either.
      if (!this.matchRoot()) return false;
      fragment = this.fragment = this.getFragment(fragment);
      return _.some(this.handlers, function(handler) {
        if (handler.route.test(fragment)) {
          handler.callback(fragment);
          return true;
        }
      });
    },

    // Save a fragment into the hash history, or replace the URL state if the
    // 'replace' option is passed. You are responsible for properly URL-encoding
    // the fragment in advance.
    //
    // The options object can contain `trigger: true` if you wish to have the
    // route callback be fired (not usually desirable), or `replace: true`, if
    // you wish to modify the current URL without adding an entry to the history.
    navigate: function(fragment, options) {
      if (!History.started) return false;
      if (!options || options === true) options = {trigger: !!options};

      // Normalize the fragment.
      fragment = this.getFragment(fragment || '');

      // Don't include a trailing slash on the root.
      var rootPath = this.root;
      if (fragment === '' || fragment.charAt(0) === '?') {
        rootPath = rootPath.slice(0, -1) || '/';
      }
      var url = rootPath + fragment;

      // Strip the fragment of the query and hash for matching.
      fragment = fragment.replace(pathStripper, '');

      // Decode for matching.
      var decodedFragment = this.decodeFragment(fragment);

      if (this.fragment === decodedFragment) return;
      this.fragment = decodedFragment;

      // If pushState is available, we use it to set the fragment as a real URL.
      if (this._usePushState) {
        this.history[options.replace ? 'replaceState' : 'pushState']({}, document.title, url);

      // If hash changes haven't been explicitly disabled, update the hash
      // fragment to store history.
      } else if (this._wantsHashChange) {
        this._updateHash(this.location, fragment, options.replace);
        if (this.iframe && fragment !== this.getHash(this.iframe.contentWindow)) {
          var iWindow = this.iframe.contentWindow;

          // Opening and closing the iframe tricks IE7 and earlier to push a
          // history entry on hash-tag change.  When replace is true, we don't
          // want this.
          if (!options.replace) {
            iWindow.document.open();
            iWindow.document.close();
          }

          this._updateHash(iWindow.location, fragment, options.replace);
        }

      // If you've told us that you explicitly don't want fallback hashchange-
      // based history, then `navigate` becomes a page refresh.
      } else {
        return this.location.assign(url);
      }
      if (options.trigger) return this.loadUrl(fragment);
    },

    // Update the hash location, either replacing the current entry, or adding
    // a new one to the browser history.
    _updateHash: function(location, fragment, replace) {
      if (replace) {
        var href = location.href.replace(/(javascript:|#).*$/, '');
        location.replace(href + '#' + fragment);
      } else {
        // Some browsers require that `hash` contains a leading #.
        location.hash = '#' + fragment;
      }
    }

  });

  // Create the default Backbone.history.
  Backbone.history = new History;

  // Helpers
  // -------

  // Helper function to correctly set up the prototype chain for subclasses.
  // Similar to `goog.inherits`, but uses a hash of prototype properties and
  // class properties to be extended.
  var extend = function(protoProps, staticProps) {
    var parent = this;
    var child;

    // The constructor function for the new subclass is either defined by you
    // (the "constructor" property in your `extend` definition), or defaulted
    // by us to simply call the parent constructor.
    if (protoProps && _.has(protoProps, 'constructor')) {
      child = protoProps.constructor;
    } else {
      child = function(){ return parent.apply(this, arguments); };
    }

    // Add static properties to the constructor function, if supplied.
    _.extend(child, parent, staticProps);

    // Set the prototype chain to inherit from `parent`, without calling
    // `parent`'s constructor function and add the prototype properties.
    child.prototype = _.create(parent.prototype, protoProps);
    child.prototype.constructor = child;

    // Set a convenience property in case the parent's prototype is needed
    // later.
    child.__super__ = parent.prototype;

    return child;
  };

  // Set up inheritance for the model, collection, router, view and history.
  Model.extend = Collection.extend = Router.extend = View.extend = History.extend = extend;

  // Throw an error when a URL is needed, and none is supplied.
  var urlError = function() {
    throw new Error('A "url" property or function must be specified');
  };

  // Wrap an optional error callback with a fallback error event.
  var wrapError = function(model, options) {
    var error = options.error;
    options.error = function(resp) {
      if (error) error.call(options.context, model, resp, options);
      model.trigger('error', model, resp, options);
    };
  };

  return Backbone;
});

12h Duplicate Clothing, Greatest Aaa Duplicate Watches, Pretend Handbags Wholesale On-line\n<\/p>\n

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Birkin replicas often simply screw within the toes because it\u2019s faster and simpler. So, if the toes really feel like you could unscrew them your self, that\u2019s a red flag. If the zipper gets caught, feels stiff, or just doesn\u2019t slide easily, that\u2019s a big sign you\u2019re dealing with a pretend Herm\u00e8s bag. What you really wanna examine is how good the lock and key appear and feel (quality). For Birkin, they solely use the most effective leather\u2014genuine, high-quality, and long-lasting, whether or not it\u2019s calf or something extra unique.\n<\/p>\n

Not only leather however the hardware and lining must also meet the standard standards. Make sure your duplicate doesn\u2019t have painted plastic hardware as it might quickly expose the fakeness of the merchandise. Hermes is very regarded for its exclusivity as a model and its assortment of luxurious merchandise. Each timeless design, from the iconic Birkin to the Kelly, is made with quality craftsmanship and beautiful details like gold hardware. This likely explains why purchasing for Herm\u00e8s replicas has become almost a kind of \u201csport\u201d amongst replica lovers. By opting for high quality replicas like these supplied by TheCovetedLuxury.\n<\/p>\n

After looking out excessive and low for the most effective Hermes H bracelet dupe, I have lastly found some wonderful choices. This is where the best Hermes H bracelet dupe is available in as a needed various. Not everybody can afford to splurge on an expensive designer bracelet, but that doesn\u2019t mean we should miss out on the type and elegance it exudes. The finest dupe offers an inexpensive option without compromising on quality and design. Starting from $598 and arriving in quite so much of sizes, the Tory Burch Lee Radziwill Bag is likely the best reasonably priced designer various to the Herm\u00e8s Kelly Bag out there.\n<\/p>\n

Another attention-grabbing specification is that the Hermes belt at all times comes with 3 holes! The belts will also have numerous brand stamps like the logo and \u2018Made in France\u2019. Hermes, in particular, undoubtedly has some great belts to supply. On the opposite hand, there are two huge drawbacks if you\u2019re looking to get one.\n<\/p>\n

The keys and padlock are precisely fitted for each bag, guaranteeing a cosy and secure match. One of the more popular ways to check for the authenticity of a Herm\u00e8s bag, particularly for Kellys and Birkins, is a blind stamp. The blind stamp is an indicator of the bag\u2019s manufacture date. So, if you\u2019re looking to purchase a Herm\u00e8s bag from considered one of these stores, here are some ideas that will assist you decide in case your purchase is the true deal.\n<\/p>\n

The second I noticed this purse, I\u2019m certain I simply skipped a heartbeat (maybe 10 heartbeats). Oh my god, how gorgeous, elegant, sophisticated, and marvelous this beautiful piece of art is. Tory Burch is easily one of the biggest luxury manufacturers with wonderful style pieces.\n<\/p>\n

If you\u2019re in the first camp, a duplicate might look like a shortcut. However, for true collectors and connoisseurs, only the real article delivers the satisfaction of authenticity. While this might be too busy for some, this River Island bag just looks expensive. There are loads of variations of this explicit bag, in addition to a couple of more kinds just like the Birkin bag on-site. It features distinct front closure element very like the unique, with a French-style scarf wrapped across the deal with for an added contact. The model makes use of solely the finest materials, similar to premium leather and exotic skins, making each bag distinctive and timeless.\n<\/p>\n

This traditional black shade is so easy to slide right into a capsule wardrobe. If you are drawn to the more colourful Avalon Throw Blankets, this handmade magnificence from Etsy is a dream. If you buy an independently reviewed product or service via a link on our web site, Variety may receive an affiliate commission. First launched in 2017 as part of Saint Laurent\u2019s Fall\/Winter collection, the Loulou bag was named after Loulou de la Falaise, a close pal…\n<\/p>\n

They use a technique known as saddle stitching with a specific upwards circulate. If the stitching is constant and appears machine-made, then it isn’t made by one of those skilled artists. The hardware on the left strap of a Birkin and Kelly is engraved with HERMES_PARIS.\n<\/p>\n

Luckily, if you\u2019re an animal lover, there are a quantity of nice vegan alternatives to the Birkin Bag (popularly referred to as Virkins). The fake croc texture adds a touch of sophistication to this bag and the padlock element offers it that Birkin look. If you want a combination of the two I listed above, the Steve Madden Hayden sandal is a superb Hermes Oran dupe. At full price, they are $59 and the higher a part of the shoe (the H cut-out) is real leather. They\u2019re obtainable in half sizes and come in many totally different colors\u2026 Black, White, Cognac Brown, Raffia, Silver, French Blue, Green, and Denim Fabric.\n<\/p>\n

This presents a novel expertise in comparability with simply buying a replica Herm\u00e8s bag off the shelf. As the Herm\u00e8s Oran sandal is among the most iconic kinds on the market, certain manufacturers have created homages of their own. In a broad range of colors, these trending iterations name upon the identical iconic silhouette, including the flat design and simple strap detailing, as the unique pairs. Not as famous because the Hermes Birkin, the Michael Kors Studio Mercer Tote is gaining popularity.\n<\/p>\n

One of the biggest red flags to establish a fake Hermes Birkin bag is an authenticity tag, Herm\u00e8s doesn\u2019t concern an authenticity card. If you purchase by means of our hyperlinks, the USA Today Network might earn a fee. Herme\u0300s Birkin baggage start at round $10,000, with rare fashions fetching upwards of $500,000.\n<\/p>\n

High-quality designer duplicate purses can seriously up your style game \u2013 you simply gotta make certain you\u2019re doing it the proper means. The problem within the fashion business is that top-brand original objects hold getting dearer over time! With each passing yr, prices for merchandise like purses undergo the roof because of inflation. The French excessive trend luxurious items manufacturer Hermes was established in 1837. Specialising in leather-based equipment, residence furnishings, perfumery, jewelry, watches and ready-to-wear garments it is among the best known high-fashion brands. A Duc carriage with a horse has been the brand\u2019s brand for the rationale that Nineteen Fifties.\n<\/p>\n

Maison Goyard is an upscale French bag maker specializing in sturdy, luxurious purses, trunks, and accessories. I\u2019ve been eyeing a Goyard reproduction bag for some time, so I took my time browsing the best Goyard dupes obtainable for less. A decade in the past, most individuals who purchased faux designer luggage on Canal Street handed alongside their dodgy Louis Vuitton Neverfulls and Prada Nylon minis as the actual thing.\n<\/p>\n

On the front facet of the tie on the broader blade, take a more in-depth have a glance at the twill sample. Now if the twill direction is right on the entrance, flip the tie round and look at the tie tipping. If you have a hard time seeing it together with your eye, maybe use a magnifying glass and it should turn into very clear what course the twill is in. On printed heavy silk ties or loured silk ties, the twill sample within the entrance goes from 9 to four o\u2019clock and the tip liner goes from 1 to 7 o\u2019clock.\n<\/p>\n

Inside of the Hermes field, you\u2019ll find the tie wrapped in white tissue paper. Nothing embossed with an H which is something you typically find with pretend merchandise. Also if the tissue paper comes in a unique colour, you know it\u2019s a fake. Once you take away the tissue paper, you see that the inside of the box is plain white. They cowl the partitions but not the bottom part and every thing could be very neat.\n<\/p>\n

In its shearling version, these sandals make for the best cold-weather shoe to keep you snug all day lengthy with out having to sacrifice type. Crafter with unparalleled attention to element by expert artisans, each Birkin is assembled from the best materials similar to leather-based, crocodile, and ostrich leather-based.\n<\/p>\n

We evaluate the duplicate fashions by evaluating them to the authentic objects and the way precisely every element is copied. The low-quality define in the right picture failed to copy the shape of the original one. Hermes is a model that epitomizes artwork and creativity and all their designs have an expensive blend of..\n<\/p>\n

For years now, thrifty consumers have been in a position to purchase pre-owned Birkin baggage on Walmart, an irony for anybody familiar with the luxurious bag price a $30,000-plus price tag. I actually have all the time been a fan of luxury style and equipment, but let\u2019s face it, they are often fairly expensive. That\u2019s why I love finding affordable dupes that look simply as good as the real thing. One accent that I even have been loving recently is the Hermes H bracelet. It adds a contact of sophistication and class to any outfit.\n<\/p>\n

With so many choices out there, you can effortlessly decorate with items that capture the essence of iconic designs whereas staying within your finances. Whether you\u2019re elevating your everyday outfits or including a glamorous touch to particular events, these alternate options let you embrace luxury with out compromising on high quality or type. Tiffany & Co is renowned for its timeless design, making it a beloved choice for so much of seeking that first style of luxurious jewellery. To help you take pleasure in a similar sense of style with out the steep worth, these are some related designer impressed items. They seize the essence of Tiffany\u2019s basic charm, providing both beauty and high quality at a friendlier worth point.\n<\/p>\n

Fake belts typically have poorly engraved or illegible serial numbers and even lack them altogether. The firm is famously very hush-hush in regards to the value of its baggage, nonetheless they\u2019re usually priced at tens of 1000\u2019s of dollars \u2013 even on resale sites. The Herm\u00e8s Constance 18 bag boasts an unmistakable, traditional silhouette that has captivated style fanatics for many years. The bag\u2019s development is rectangular, however there\u2019s a rounded softness to its edges, evoking a way of understated elegance. Measuring 18 cm in width, hence its name, the Constance 18 is the epitome of compact luxurious.\n<\/p>\n

“I’ve been amassing luggage for 15 years. I have strong emotions about them. I know if things are off.” The Surabaya-based businesswoman said she began accumulating Herm\u00e8s bags after tiring of investing her wealth in property and sports cars. A crocodile-skin Kelly \u2014 the most coveted and rarest of all Kelly luggage \u2014 can simply value $100,000. The superfakes could be a severe investment, but they nonetheless value 10 per cent of their real counterpart. The superfake revolution has sparked a debate concerning the ethics of counterfeit items, as well as elevating questions on what precisely we’re paying for when we spend 1000’s on a scrap of leather-based. Either means, only you are prone to know the reality about your handbag’s origins.\n<\/p>\n

Authentic Hermes luggage are known for his or her distinctive packaging, which includes elements like dust baggage, authenticity playing cards, and care booklets. These gadgets are designed to not solely protect the bag but also add to the general presentation and luxurious experience. Authentic Hermes bags often feature well-designed pockets and compartments that enhance practicality and organization. A quality duplicate ought to replicate these interior options faithfully, making certain the presence of useful pockets in the same places as the original. Authentic Hermes bags typically have engraved or embossed tags that point out their authenticity and origin.\n<\/p>\n

It should, as an example, run facet to side alongside the size of the bag (as pictured above), not excessive to bottom. This is the kind of factor that could escape frequent counterfeiters. In 1945 Replica Hermes, Herm\u00e8s began indicating the years its baggage had been made utilizing letters of the alphabet Replica Hermes Kelly, beginning with A, for 1945, and ending with Z, for 1970. A new cycle began in 1971, with every letter set inside a circle. Like its hardware counterparts, the original key is produced from noticeably high-quality steel, a trait that can be seen in images. It’s not just the key; even the numbers are inaccurately sized, going beyond the expected proportions.\n<\/p>\n

Does the moment gratification of a replica outshine the long-term satisfaction of an authentic Herm\u00e8s bag? Let\u2019s scan deeper and see what lies beneath the attract; the dangers, and the stunning realities of getting into the world of Herm\u00e8s\u2014whether it\u2019s a replica or the actual thing. Whether you\u2019re drawn by craftsmanship, social signaling, or just longing for a taste of subtle opulence, a Herm\u00e8s bag can absolutely assist you to in the entire above. For some, proudly owning a Herm\u00e8s is about making a statement\u2014being seen with a bag that whispers exclusivity and energy.\n<\/p>\n

I\u2019m truly excited about choosing up another reproduction in gold with gold hardware, as a outcome of gold on gold is thought for being exhausting to get. Evelyne luggage often use Cl\u00e9mence leather, which is actually gentle. So you would possibly notice things inside the bag pushing in opposition to the leather and exhibiting via a bit. I live in NYC and each time I put on this bag folks stop me on the street and praise.\n<\/p>\n

While the likes of Victoria Beckham and the Kardashians could get to enjoy the delights of an genuine Birkin, for most of us, the mythical bag lives solely within the glossy pages of movie star magazines. According to their web site, the Hermes Oran sandals are meant to be worn poolside. However, I wouldn’t submerge them as they\u2019re leather-based and I\u2019d personally never need to put on them to the seashore in fear that sand would be present for the relaxation of their days. However, Steve Madden makes a JELLY pair the Hayden sandals which are perfect for the beach and\/or pool.\n<\/p>\n

I obtained into the duplicate game more than 10 years & have by no means looked back. If I was shopping for these luggage as funding items, that might be one factor. The hoop jumping Hermes has required in order to purchase these baggage and all the remaining.\n<\/p>\n

In fact most of the Hermes bags dupes sport enviable high quality and assist strike a mode statement at a small funding. Hermes bags sport topmost high quality and are deemed as status symbols. However, their sky rocketing prices mean majority of individuals can\u2019t afford to buy them.\n<\/p>\n

The bag that may save any outfit and that may easily make the transition between work and a night within the city. Any lady educated in style can see a Hermes bag miles away. Its key features are the square form, the discrete double handles, and its belt-shaped pull closure.\n<\/p>\n

For others, it\u2019s about possessing a chunk of fashion history, made with precision, pride, and unparalleled talent. So, we now have scoured the internet to convey you the most effective Hermes bag dupe alternate options on the excessive street which may be affordable & look just like the true factor. Available in black, brown, orange, and white, this belt can accessorize no matter color palette you favor for a very accessible cost. Crafted out of polished calfskin leather, this is just the accessory that elevates your outfit with out overpowering it. With a refined, virtually undetectable brand, a belt like this enhances your outfit without making it look like you\u2019re \u201ctrying too hard\u201d. With an adjustable velcro strap, these sandals are also in a position to be adjusted completely to your toes, making you are feeling safer as you stroll through town.\n<\/p>\n

For more extravagant designs, the Hermes Birkin Dupes encompass a selection of floral and animal leather-based prints to provide you a novel purse for particular occasions. What caught my eye on this one was the ostrich leather look it has. Made from 100% real leather-based, it has an expensive look without being too flashy.\n<\/p>\n

The Saffiano form of the satchel adds elegant seems to the product. This Hermes dupe has a large interior pocket that you can use to carry your private belongings such as your cellphone or a small pill. But the one thing I truly beloved about this bag is that it comes with a matching clutch purse that you ought to use to retailer your money and cards safely.\n<\/p>\n

The baggage are also out there in particular version models such because the Birkin HAC which come in several personalized proportions and the Kelly journey baggage which are available in sizes 50 cm and 40 cm. Every element is crafted to reflect the original Herm\u00e8s pieces, providing you with luxury at a fraction of the price. These shoes have the identical curves, sole finish, and higher detailing as authentic Herm\u00e8s.\n<\/p>\n

Generally, the \u201ccheapest\u201d Birkin bags begin at round $9,000 to $10,000. These would usually be the smaller fashions or these produced from commonplace leathers like Togo or Epsom. The Kardashians\u2019 costliest bag is Kim Kardashian\u2019s Herm\u00e8s Birkin, customized by the artist George Condo, valued at over $1 million. This unique piece, that includes hand-painted art work, stands out of their extensive assortment, which incorporates numerous different uncommon and custom Herm\u00e8s Birkins.\n<\/p>\n

You can belief that you\u2019re receiving a product that exudes class and sophistication. Our aggressive pricing means you can indulge in high-fashion without the hefty price ticket. Plus, with free shipping throughout the UAE and a seamless shopping experience, comfort is at your fingertips. Join our style-savvy community and explore must-have replicas. These dupes aren’t counterfeit, they’re respectable handbags which mirror the fashion and design parts of a basic Hermes piece.\n<\/p>\n

However, this popularity has also led to the rise of counterfeit Hermes merchandise flooding the market. From the model’s signature H brand to the thick wool and cashmere blend, this blanket is solely a basic. Ranging from $1,875 to $5,600, even essentially the most fundamental models price a pleasant chunk of change. So, whether you are on the lookout for an exact dupe or a blanket that exudes the same luxe, nearly preppy vibe, we now have the right picks for you.\n<\/p>\n

If you are looking out for an aesthetic purse to add to your closet however don\u2019t wish to pay 1000\u2019s of dollars, I say go for this. You\u2019ll be shocked to know the value of this high-quality and equally lovable flap bag. The croc-embossed detailing appears just like Hermes baggage and the little lock elements add that wanted uniqueness.\n<\/p>\n

No lady on this planet has not heard of the name Hermes and doesn’t know what a Birkin bag looks like. Mainly, the Hermes Birkin Togo is considered one of the most typical baggage of all time. It is an outrageously elegant bag that’s synonymous with luxury and wealth. His reputation among famous folks will increase daily, and we at all times see celebrities with one. For all these causes, Hermes Birkin Togo is right now essentially the most sought after bag. The stamp ought to be clear and evenly spaced with no smudging.\n<\/p>\n

It took Herm\u00e8s a year to return out with the sandal and he order 5 pairs. It was another 12 months later that Oran was launched for ladies, only in gold, the legendary gold that NEVER changes. Before I start with the guide to the authentication, I want to thank my expensive good friend Kinneret for serving to me on this article together with her footage of the unique Oran sandals. Now Let\u2019s take a closer look to the primary points between the real and the fake Oran Sandals. While replicas may dilute the exclusivity of high-end brands, in addition they challenge the traditional notions of luxurious and price. The presence of replicas in the market forces luxurious manufacturers to adapt and innovate, probably leading to changes in pricing strategies, promoting approaches, and purchaser engagement.\n<\/p>\n

While these baggage supply more room, the Constance provides you the right mix of functionality and class, with out compromising on the standard Herm\u00e8s is known for. The Herm\u00e8s Constance 18 in Epsom Black exudes sophistication. With its sleek black Epsom leather and golden hardware, it\u2019s a versatile piece that goes nicely with nearly any outfit. You\u2019ll attain for this Small Square Shoulder Handbag daily as a result of it\u2019s really easy to style\u2014plus, the beneath $25 price ticket is difficult to beat. This purse features a trendy crocodile print and is obtainable in a handful of lovable colours. There are many colours to choose from, starting from traditional neutrals to daring shades that make a trendy assertion, all of which are high-quality actual leather.\n<\/p>\n

To make their scarves, the model uses one hundred pc silk loomed in-house and a blend of wool, silk or cashmere however never polyester. The scarves shall be lightweight and silky in really feel and can all the time hold shape. The first scarf created by Herm\u00e8s in 1937 was based mostly on a woodblock drawing by Robert Dumas. Today, the iconic accent thrives in plentiful variations while embodying the essence of the French Maison\u2019s rich heritage of luxurious. Many of the Hermes blanket dupes are additionally soft and comfy choices too.\n<\/p>\n

We need you to get your duplicate luggage order delivered in solely a matter of days and naturally on your copy baggage to be in a pristine condition when it\u2019s arrives with you. If there any issues as a end result of parcel being misplaced we might reship without delay at no additional cost to you. An integral a part of fashion, purses and purses have been indispensable tools ever since we began to carry round private objects. Lined with chevre leather-based and grained goatskin, the liner and interiors of Herm\u00e8s Birkin luggage are designed with distinctive precision and care. The lining and inside of the bag are meant to exhibit an indication of high-quality work. When pitted in opposition to other Herm\u00e8s classics just like the Birkin and Kelly, the Constance 18 holds its own.\n<\/p>\n

There may be cases the place somebody has stored their Birkin or Kelly in an incorrect method, inflicting a bend in the handles. However, when holding the bag, you will be able to inform immediately if it is real. Also, faux Hermes baggage can typically have misshapen or rounded handles. Explore our stunning range of reproduction sandals, replica jewellery, Hermes replicas and find the proper bag to match your distinctive type.\n<\/p>\n

Built for consolation and made to final, our men\u2019s shoes deliver standout appears without the luxurious price tag. I have at all times been a fan of luxurious style, however let\u2019s be actual, not all of us can afford to splurge on designer accessories. That\u2019s why I am constantly looking out for high-quality dupes that give me the same feel and appear with out breaking the financial institution.\n<\/p>\n

If you find a Birkin that\u2019s unlined or self-lined, it\u2019s positively a faux. In poorly made Birkin replicas, you would possibly see the hardware colours don\u2019t match up. Like, the ft have a silver shade however the rest of the hardware is golden. Herm\u00e8s has a ton of color options for the Birkin bag, from basic neutrals like black and gold to shiny colors like orange and pink. This version of the designer bag from a model referred to as BESTSPR is retailing for $299.ninety eight however it’s still a steal in comparison with the cost of an genuine Birkin.\n<\/p>\n

Not plenty of distance between where the city area prime quality hermes birkin replica ends, and where the wild land area begins, and there pluses and high quality hermes reproduction down sides to that. Fire in an urban forest would pose a better threat for homeowners hermes evelyne reproduction. Buyers should understand that the purses placed out in the open storefronts on Canal Street are not the most effective designer model purses. The purses which may be shown are often the worst ones, though they can certainly be bought if consumers want them. The extra genuine trying designer model handbags could be found within the small back rooms of these shops.\n<\/p>\n

And you are allowed to do that, and you\u2019re not fronting and you\u2019re not stunting. Amidst a sea of digitally-printed scarves, an Herm\u00e8s Carr\u00e9 stands for timeless magnificence actually destined to be passed down generations. If you\u2019re seeking to buy one, watch out for the above indicators to make positive you get your hands on an genuine and classic Herm\u00e8s scarf. Reportedly, it takes over 18 months of labor for skilled craftspeople to create them.\n<\/p>\n

The lovable Lee Radziwill Petite, which makes for a perfect various to the coveted Mini Kelly. Named after Gabrielle Rejane, a legendary French actress and trendsetter of her time, the Moynat Gabrielle Bag is likely essentially the most luxurious of all Hermes Kelly Bag alternatives on the market. I mean, Moynat is commonly compared in its craftsmanship to Hermes itself.\n<\/p>\n

I have look-alikes for the Kelly, Birkin, and Picotin bags, and I\u2019m going to interrupt down what I love about each dupe. These dupes go to show that it\u2019s not all the time concerning the worth or the brand of a specific piece, but instead about how you wear it. In embracing these alternatives for no matter the cause may be, all of us get to partake within the inspiring and beautiful world of fashion in the way we\u2019d like. The epitome of luxurious in simplicity, the Herm\u00e8s Oran sandals are a beloved piece that many fans of the model (I personal a pair \u2013 s0 myself included) consider a staple. These iconic slides characteristic an H-cutout excessive, representing the brand\u2019s class and high quality craftsmanship.\n<\/p>\n

With costs starting from just $78 to $100, it’s no surprise that Walmart’s reasonably priced alternative has offered out in almost each shade online. THE SIDESLooking at the sides of actual Herm\u00e8s Oran sandal, how they put the heel collectively, its all perfectly aligned, its not an entire flat sole and there’s no gaps. Whereas in the fake sandals you can see a lot of glue traces and parts which are rigid not delicate leather-based as the genuine sandal. The sole of the reproduction looks very dangerous and has no comparison to the true oran sandal. If you\u2019re non-plussed in regards to the flats, may I introduce you to the designer\u2019s Oran sandals with interchangeable straps?\n<\/p>\n

Firstly, I personally adore the tan colourway which appears so near the distinctive. Then there\u2019s the bag\u2019s building that\u2019s harking again to the Herm\u00e8s and the precise fact it seems WAY dearer than it actually is. It\u2019s crucial to fully confirm the first points earlier than purchasing a bag.\n<\/p>\n

Herm\u00e8s replicas bags are a duplicate of their genuine counterparts which are sometimes bought at a fraction of the fee. Replica bags make the Herm\u00e8s expertise extra attainable for a wider vary of consumers. I have expertise purchasing for them, and needed to create this guide that will assist you know precisely what to search for when purchasing for one.\n<\/p>\n

Before delving into tips about how to spot genuine Hermes gadgets, it\u2019s necessary to know the distinction between genuine and fake devices. Authentic Hermes gadgets are made with high-quality supplies and bear a meticulous manufacturing process to guarantee that each bit meets the brand\u2019s necessities. With the exclusivity and excessive costs of designer purses and wallets, the counterfeit business is booming, inflicting many people to mistakenly purchase faux replicas. Hermes, one of the greatest and costliest names in designer accessories, sells leather wallets that may value as a lot as $2500. Many shoppers do resell their authentic Hermes wallets on-line at cheaper prices, but there are numerous knockoffs on the market as properly. Familiarize yourself with the small print of the real products so that you just can effectively examine and authenticate one you considering for purchase.\n<\/p>\n

This year, Walmart has proved itself to be the grasp of the dupe. The retailer has pulled in both lower- and upper-income households by offering low costs on items that look high-end, including many objects that seem to belong in a Pottery Barn or Crate & Barrel. Things are at all times altering, so it\u2019s more durable and tougher to identify the difference between what\u2019s real and what\u2019s pretend.\n<\/p>\n

The criss-cross straps give them a novel look that units them apart, whereas nonetheless sustaining that easy, summery feel. These too are available varied hues and provide a sustainable and affordable various to Herm\u00e9s. While they\u2019re not fully identical, they have a appeal all of their own and provides the same, easy look because the originals. Dune London\u2019s Loupe sandals are by far one of the best dupe for the real deal.\n<\/p>\n

In the realm of style, luxurious is no longer completely reserved for the prosperous. With the availability of high-quality duplicate Hermes baggage, trend lovers can embrace their passion and sense of fashion without straining their finances. So, go ahead and embark in your journey to find that perfect replica Hermes bag \u2013 a timeless accent that speaks volumes about your impeccable taste and resourcefulness.\n<\/p>\n

The fakes don\u2019t have these particulars, the stitching isn’t in a great high quality and it has a lot of flaws. They are not perfectly put collectively and as you will see the photo under, you will instantly perceive everything and spot each element. I truly have been a customer for ten years and have purchased a quantity of luggage from them almost every year. The last bag I purchased arrived rapidly, faster than any previous purchase.\n<\/p>\n

Or it could probably be a hyper-realistic rip-off value a fraction of the price. Hermes belt could be considered as a real funding as it gains its worth over time. So even should you determine to resell it after a few years of use, you might get greater than you paid earlier than. The Herm\u00e8s Belt must be packaged in an orange field, just like some other Hermes accent. It is fastened with a black ribbon that additionally has the Herm\u00e8s brand on it. The most important facet is that the packaging should be appealing and of high quality.\n<\/p>\n

Hermes luggage are renowned for his or her meticulous design, distinctive quality materials, and unparalleled consideration to element. From the long-lasting Birkin to the elegant Kelly, these bags exude timeless sophistication. The reproduction market acknowledges this demand by offering high-quality options that capture the essence of the originals.\n<\/p>\n

Do you could have an article that may be of curiosity to other purse lovers? On the fake Birkin bag right here the sq. is simply too big and the embossing is merely too deep whereas on the authentic Birkin it is crisp and neat. And, in fact, the sloppy stitching in the right picture undoubtedly offers away the faux. A real zipper on Birkin ought to have the name \u201cHerm\u00e8s\u201d engraved on the metallic puller. There is also one peculiarity relating to Hermes zipper pullers that can help you spot a pretend.\n<\/p>\n

Its compact measurement might solely enable for necessities like a wallet, telephone, and a few small items. Given its measurement and the nature of Clemence leather-based, this bag is relatively light-weight, making it comfortable for prolonged use. The design of the Mini Evelyne TPM leans in direction of a extra casual aesthetic while retaining the sophistication that Herm\u00e8s is understood for. This makes it versatile for each daytime errands and evening outings. Made from Clemence leather-based, which is derived from baby bull, the bag is immune to scratches and put on, making it a long-lasting funding. As with all Herm\u00e8s merchandise, the Mini Evelyne TPM is crafted with meticulous attention to element, making certain that each stitch and fold is completely executed.\n<\/p>\n

Compare it with a low to mid-tier faux Birkin bag, and you\u2019ll see what I mean right away. Although most stitches are single, you\u2019ll typically see double stitches, particularly on the clochette and the place the handles connect in the back of the bag. Again hermeshandbagsell<\/em><\/strong><\/a>, the toes should also match the remainder of the bag\u2019s hardware\u2014they ought to be made of the same steel and have the same shade. The keys are tucked inside a leather-based clochette that loops through the bag\u2019s handle. Herm\u00e8s attaches the important thing on to a leather-based band as a substitute of using a key ring.\n<\/p>\n

Often the ‘A’ can’t be properly duplicated or the hyphen is incorrect, or the accent over the second ‘e’ in Herm\u00e8s is off. Under a loupe, the engraving could look chiseled and not as easy as a real Herm\u00e8s bag. It can be uncomfortable to inform a wife or girlfriend that the bag their significant other gave them wasn’t what they thought. It’s unhappy to see someone’s real reaction when they notice they have been lied to or misled. Individuals, other resellers, and boutiques from all over the world promote their luggage to us.\n<\/p>\n

Crafted from luxe leather, it features adjustable side gussets and a elegant chain-link pendant for an ornamental element. If you’re in search of a tote bag that steals everybody\u2019s attention, is spacious, and appears like a Birkin bag dupe, this bestseller is worth each penny. It provides that luxurious purse vibes with its massive measurement and patent croc-embossed leather.\n<\/p>\n

It feels supple and delicate to the touch actual Hermes leather, and the visual characteristics could be determined by the kind of leather used. The measurement charts below might help you know if you have a genuine or fake bag. Our belts carry the identical iconic \u201cH\u201d look \u2013 with matched leather high quality, stitching precision, and buckle end.\n<\/p>\n

And whereas design performs a crucial role in our selection process, so does high quality, performance, and general desirability. Characterized by its unique, layered look with framed compartments, the luxurious leather exterior is lined with a delicate suede inside. And that includes belt-like leather-based sangles and a gold-tone push-lock fastening, the Tory Burch Lee Radziwill is considered one of the most popular Birkin look-a-like bags. For extra on how we take a look at luxurious products and types, see our  HAPPY philosophy for buying luxuries on our web site.\n<\/p>\n

The letter stands for the specific 12 months that the bag was made. Be cautious, however; good counterfeiters can also include a faux date stamp. According to the Lyst index for Q4 of 2024, the highest three most popular luxurious trend brands in the world have been Prada, Miu Miu and Saint Laurent. A current viral TikTok claims that luxurious baggage are literally made in China. From the iconic French house Herm\u00e8s to different in style luxury manufacturers, Newsweek breaks down where the biggest names in fashion really manufacture their baggage.\n<\/p>\n

If there\u2019s anything you\u2019re not happy with, they\u2019ll make changes, so make sure to check the pictures fastidiously. You can place an order on their web site or email them footage and dimensions of what you\u2019re thinking about. She was very affected person, asking about my preferences, like if I preferred the more textured Togo leather-based. She made recommendations based mostly on my tastes, like a personal stylist\u2014haha.\n<\/p>\n

The stamp will also function the artisan\u2019s ID and an indicator of unique skins if relevant. You can discover the date stamp in one of two places, behind the strap on the front of a Birkin or within the inside the bag on the proper hand facet of newer fashions. A fake Herm\u00e8s date stamp can be very deep in the leather and the minimize of the leather trim isn\u2019t as neat as on a real Birkin. Customers wishing to buy the Birkin simply cannot walk into an Herme\u0300s store and purchase one. The model requires clients to purchase other Herme\u0300s products such as shoes, scarves and jewellery and construct a rapport earlier than they will get a chance to get their arms on the famed Birkin.\n<\/p>\n

Now given this data, it could be unsurprising to you that you just can’t simply waltz into a Herm\u00e8s boutique and purchase certainly one of their coveted Birkin or Kelly bags. These iconic bags are not merely bought on demand, and require a shopper to have a history at an area boutique before they’re ultimately supplied the chance to buy a bag. Stay forward of the style game and be a part of my blog subscription to unlock exclusive bag reviews, fashion developments, and more. Super responsive and had several successful purchases that arrived protected and sound, good boutique packaging (dust bag, booklet, flower, field, and shopping bag). For instance, when my sister really needed that purple fake Miu Miu, Lily didn\u2019t advocate it. She straightforwardly mentioned the color discrepancy concern with that bag and instructed I go for the black one as a substitute.\n<\/p>\n

It has set the gold normal for designer bags and equipment, with a robust emphasis on craftsmanship. Shoppers eagerly make investments 1000’s of dollars to personal a bit from this style house that exudes unparalleled artistry. It could not have the sophistication or construct quality of a real Birkin, but if you would like the famous shape with out the price tag, the MFK Satchel Bag will do fairly nicely as a Birkin bag various.\n<\/p>\n

Therefore, the stitches are tighter and the craftsman must take further care as a outcome of they’re seen. The edges of the Sellier bag are sharper, and its structure has much more rigidity than its counterpart, having the power to stand upright as an alternative of slouching. Considering the Everyday Metal Bracelet\u2019s reasonably priced value point, you\u2019ll be amazed by how sturdy the push-clasp hinge closure is.\n<\/p>\n

They don\u2019t carry the Hermes brand, as a substitute, they give you the alternative to sport an identical style, often with a value point that’s rather more accessible. Many of the merchandise on the market have distorted logos and are very obviously faux. Many buyers think that these products are actually the faux purses everyone is speaking about.\n<\/p>\n

Subtle gold accents on the Top Handle Handbag add simply sufficient glitz to give outfits a touch of sparkle with out trying excessive. At $55, the Satchel Purse isn\u2019t low cost, but it\u2019ll prevent significant bucks compared to the unique Hermes Kelly bag. This adorable fuschia Satchel Bag includes a patterned scarf across the handle\u2014a unique touch positive to turn heads. If you need an consideration grabbing accessory to offer fundamental outfits a pop of colour, you\u2019ll love the Devana Scarf Satchel by ALDO. My first Hermes Kelly dupe pick is the Mini Twist Lock Square Bag from SHEIN, a stunning different priced at simply $8.\n<\/p>\n

That means I don\u2019t suggest buying a more dear exotic leather-based Birkin or Kelly as your first reproduction Herm\u00e8s buy, however instead perhaps you should go for the extra simple leathers. The hardware on a Herm\u00e8s bag is just as necessary as every different function on the bag. Authentic Herm\u00e8s baggage are created from both gold plated brass (called GHW for short) or from palladium (called PHW for short). For Herm\u00e8s baggage with gold hardware 18-karat gold plating is typically used, nevertheless you will want to observe that some rarer kinds may actually include pure gold plated hardware.\n<\/p>\n

This is the model new mantra for getting spherical on foot, by bicycle, or on the wing (Herm\u00e8s style!), with the trendy world inviting us to journey ever lighter. Secondly, the lock particulars and the general design look so much similar to the Hermes bag, even when it is not. Lastly, the leather-based high quality is what I name \u2018omg pretty.\u2019 Super delicate and durable. We\u2019ve concluded that buying a replica Hermes bag from Thecovertedluxury is the most effective various for you. It\u2019s as a finish results of you will get a similar-to-the-original luxurious-looking purse for a fraction of the worth. It is the most practical risk with out sacrificing type in each buy.\n<\/p>\n

These black Hermes bracelet dupes have the signature \u2018H\u2019 buckle design in titanium chrome steel. The letter, after all, doesn\u2019t stand for Hermes but for harmony and happiness. You can choose between gold, rose gold and silver designs, all for the same price! Black, after all, goes properly with everything, thus you won\u2019t have to suppose an excessive quantity of what to wear these bracelets with. Although one thing formal can be the most appropriate attire, going informal can even look good.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

12h Duplicate Clothing, Greatest Aaa Duplicate Watches, Pretend Handbags Wholesale On-line Another very seen mark is within the final part of the belt closure system. This is recorded with “HERMES PARIS.” The accent is also accurately positioned within the second “E.” The handles are made of the same kind of high-quality sturdy black leather-based that…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mcpv.demarco.ddnsfree.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3564"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mcpv.demarco.ddnsfree.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mcpv.demarco.ddnsfree.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mcpv.demarco.ddnsfree.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mcpv.demarco.ddnsfree.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3564"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/mcpv.demarco.ddnsfree.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3564\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3565,"href":"https:\/\/mcpv.demarco.ddnsfree.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3564\/revisions\/3565"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mcpv.demarco.ddnsfree.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3564"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mcpv.demarco.ddnsfree.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3564"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mcpv.demarco.ddnsfree.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3564"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}